RrA*x HBAM2016AUG95 Pro 5.0 e%rH$Y GOZW-l8. )=.&< V2WB, \Qu`b0 =+H2| annual perennial taprooted herbs usually milky juice@ branched@ drupe@ imbricate@ perennial@ perennial scapose herbs rhizomes bearing fleshy fibrous@ racemose@ rarely@ stems@ lovage@ attracting@ deal@ everlasting@ fell@ inches@ levisticum@ male@ species@ sweet-cicely@ horsebrush genus about species drier parsnip genus native eurasia where there about@ wintercress genus species range plants twigs@ beckwithii@ subulata@ great basin centaury@ smotherweed@ HBAM3016AUG95@ abies abronia achillea aconitum actaea adiantum adonis aegilops agastache agoseris agrohordeum agrohordeum agropyron agrositanion agrositanion agrostis ailanthus alisma allenrolfea allium alnus alopecurus althaea alyssum amaranthus ambrosia amelanchier amsinckia anagallis anaphalis anchusa androsace anemone angelica antennaria anthemis apera apocynum aquilegia arabidopsis arabis arceuthobium arctium arctostaphylos arenaria argemone aristida arnica arrhenatherum artemisia asclepias asparagus asperugo aspidotis asplenium aster onopordum orogenia osmorhiza pastinaca perideridia perityle petradoria psilocarphus rudbeckia sagittaria senecio sesuvium solidago sonchus sphaeromeria taraxacum dVeQdR 6/10/2004 Helvetica Geneva AUTHOR COMMENTS COMMON NAME DESCRIPTION FAMILY FAMILY DESCRIPTION GENUS GENUS ABOUT GENUS COMMON LIST GENUS LIST GENUSNUM LINK 1 LINK 2 LINK 3 OTHER COMMON S PER G INFORMAL SPECIES LIST SPECIES PER GENUS GenusB FamilyB A Layout #1 Columns A Layout #3 A Layout #1B rhamnus ribes robinia rorippa rubia rubus rudbeckia rumex ruppia sagina ThistleG ASTERACEAE This is the main genus of thistles, supplemented by the very similar Carduus. There are about 200 species in the northern hemisphere, 70 in the U.S. Most have extremely spiny leaves and bracts, the leaf edges often running down the stems to create spiny ridges or wings. A number of them grow to 6 or 7 feet. Some are biennial, and the rosette of leaves at the base is formidable. Most are "well-behaved", but several European species have become serious agricultural and range pests. This isB especially the case when the thistle can spread by runners and underground roots. Flowers are all disc type, with no rays. Most frequent colors are purple, violet, pink, white or yellowish. 066-015M 067-013N 032-015P ThistleQOacaulescens arvense eatonii undulatum vulgare horridulum arizonicum eriophorum t al. 1976). aizoaceae alismataceae amaranthaceae amaryllidaceae anacardiaceae apiaceae apocynaceae araliaceae asclepiadaceae asteraceae berberidaceae betulaceae boraginaceae brassicaceae cactaceae callitrichaceae campanulaceae cannabaceae capparaceae caprifoliaceae caryophyllaceae celastraceae ceratophyllaceae chenopodiaceae convolvulaceae fumariaceae gentianaceae grossulariaceae hydrophyllaceae lamiaceae onagraceae orchidaceae orobanchaceae plantaginaceae poaceae polygonaceae portulacaceae primulaceae Echinocystis (Wild Cucumber genus) See species description locally Wild CucumberG CUCURBITACEAEK Wild CucumberQ lobata R.Wild Balsam-apple Mock Cucumber Wild Cucumber A JuniperusB Juniperus (Juniper genus) Aromatic, evergreen, dioecious or less often monoecious trees or shrubs with thin, soft, shredding bark and conical to rounded crowns. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3(4), mostly thick, scalelike, and appressed, clothing the twigs and smaller branches, some of them awl-shaped and more or less spreading, in our one shrubby species the leaves elongate and needlelike. Male cones solitary or clustered, spherical to ovoid, 3-6 mm long; female cones fleshy, berryl AcerB Acer (Maple genus) Same as Family: Polygamous or dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed or ternately to pinnately compound, stipules lacking. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, radially symmetrical, in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs, or panicles; sepals (4) 5, free or united at the base, the lobes overlapping; petals (4) 5 or lacking; stamens 4-12, arising at the inner or outer edge of a lobed disc or the disc sometimes obsolete; pistil 1; ovary supeB rior, usually 2-lobed and 2-chambered; styles 2, arising between the lobes. Fruit a double samara, splitting into halves at maturity, each portion laterally winged; seeds (1) 2 per chamber. MapleG ACERACEAE s are widespread in the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere.P Maple entatum negundo oniongrass oniongrass moderate-sized genus species onlyE species depending where draws lines species timothy grass native isatis islandP 3-angled 3-chambered 3-fold 3-lobed 3-sided 3-tippedv 300-500 4-parted 4-sided Pro 3.0F! Pro 5.0 - 6.0M1 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday January February March April August September October November December 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter CarrotG APIACEAE The cultivated carrot (Daucus carota) is one of 25 species in the genus. Only one, Daucus pusillus is native to the U.S. It does not occur in Utah. CarrotQ carota Wild Carrot Queen Anne's Lace A HeracleumB Heracleum (Cow Parsnip genus) See species description locally Cow ParsnipG APIACEAEP Cow ParsnipQ sphondylium Cow Parsnip LigusticumB Ligusticum (Lovage genus) See species description locally LovageG APIACEAE Water HemlockG APIACEAEP Water Hemlock ConiumB Osmorhiza (Sweet Cicely or Sweetroot genus) Perennial herbs from elongate thick roots. Leaves basal and cauline, petioled, ternate or pinnate, the ultimate leaflets distinct, lanceolate to suborbicular, ours serrate to 3-5-lobed. Flowers in loose compound umbels, rays 3-14, ascending to spreading; involucre and involucel lacking or inconspicuous calyx teeth obsolete; petals white, yellow, purple, or pink; stylopodium conic. Fruit narrowly cylindric or club-shaped, somewhat flattened aB t right angles to the commissure, obtuse to beaked at the apex, black at maturity, glabrous to bristly, the ribs threadlike; carpophore 2-cleft at the apex. Sweet Cicely SweetrootG APIACEAE APIACEAE mbranous to corky lateral wings, or the fruit scarcely flattened and the lateral wings obsolete; dorsal ribs threadlike, wingless or narrowly winged (sometimes with well developed primulaceae pyrolaceae ranunculaceae rhamnaceae rosaceae rubiaceae ruppiaceae salicaceae salviniaceae santalaceae saxifragaceae scrophulariaceae selaginellaceae simaroubaceae solanaceae sparganiaceae tamaricaceae typhaceae ulmaceae urticaceae valerianaceae verbenaceae violaceae viscaceae vitaceae zannichelliaceae zygophyllaceae The Shooting Star genus is a small one (14 species), mostly North American. They are perennial herbs growing from underground runners with fibrous roots. Leaves are all basal, with stalks, sometimes densely crowded (Photo 2). Flowering stems carry a loose cluster of flowers (or only 1) nodding on slender stalks. Calyx is deeply lobed, with the lobes folded right back during flowering: as fruit develops the calyx lobes straighten up to enclose it. The 4 or 5 strongly colored petals are joi ned at the very bottom, and dramatically folded back. Photo 1 shows petals of 2 flowers in the process of recurving, the top one just beginning, the other exactly at the half-way point. Seeds are contained in a rounded capsule, which splits around. We have 2 species, the delicate Alpine Shooting Star, which is quite common in the wet meadows and streambanks at high elevations (usually 4 petals), and the more robust Beautiful Shooting Star, which ranges from valleys to alpine (usually 5 p 1-seeded 1/16b 1/2-3E 1980u 1997a 2-12] 2-lobed 20-25y Genus Common ListB Other CommonB Species per GenusB S per G InformalB caraway carrot cat's catchfly catchweed cattail cedar centaury centranthus chamomile^ chamomile dogfennel^ checkermallow cherry chess chickweed chicory chrysanthemum cicelyR cinquefoil clarkia cleavers cliffbrake cliffrose clover cocklebur collomia columbine comandra coneflower conyza yptanth cryptanth cat's cucumber cudweeds cudweed everlastings currant currant gooseberry cypress daisyd dandelionZ deadnettle death death camas desertP desert parsley biscuitrootP sorrel dodder dogbane dogfennel dogtooth dogwood douglas douglas dragonhead dropseed ducksmeat duckweed dustyi dusty maideni dyer's dyer's elderberry evening evening primrose intact interested interlaced intermediate intermixed intermountain internally internationalu internode internodes interpretationu interspersedE intervals intoA intramarginal intruded intrusion inverted invested invoiucre involucelG involucral[ involucrate involucreG involucres inward fleur-de-lis genus irregular gular Arnica (Arnica genus) Perennial herbs, often rhizomatous. Leaves simple, the principal cauline ones opposite, (ours) entire to toothed. Heads moderately large, solitary to several; involucre top-shaped to hemispheric, the bracts herbaceous, in 2 series (ours), these subequal or equal and then appearing uniseriate; receptacle flat to convex, naked; ray flowers pistillate, yellow or orange, in some species lacking; disc flowers bisexual, yellow or orange; style branches truncate, short-B hairy. Achenes cylindric or nearly so, 5-10-nerved; pappus of hairlike bristles, these minutely barbed to subplumose, white to tawny. ArnicaG ASTERACEAE of a short crown. Chamomile / Dogfennel DogfennelG ASTERACEAE amomile / Dogfennel terminatingj ternateG ternatelyA terrestrial tetradymia tetradymia horsebrush genus tetrapetala texture thalictrum thalictrum meadowrue genus thalli thalloid thanG The Twistflower genus is medium sized, with about 40 species in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico. Many of them are hairless, and frequently have a bluish tint to the leaves and stems. Flowers are a most unusual brown-purple mixture, which is very distinctive. Seed pods are many times longer than thin, but nevertheless look quite solid. We have a single species, the Heartleaf Twistflower. TwistflowerQ cordatus R"Heartleaf Twistflower Twistflower ThelypodiumB Endl. Thelypodium See species description locally ThelypodiumG BRASSICACEAE Twenty North American species make up the Thelypodium genus. We have a single species, apparently limited to alkaline solis or areas around warm springs. individual species. The involucre, consisting of leaflike to membranous bracts around the flower head, has a distinct general pattern for each genus (though it doesn't hold in every case). The first photo compares the two. Aster (R) usually has bracts that form overlapping series, like scales on a reptile ("imbricated"). The bracts can be quite green and almost leafy, or dry and membranous. Erigeron (L) usually has many fine bracts of about equal length, which are not organized like those W of Aster. Typically they are no more than 1/16 inch across, have fine tips which tend to curl backwards. Twelve species of Aster have been recorded for our area. The most common are the Everywhere Aster which ranges from the valleys to upper montane, and Engelmann's Aster which lives in woods and meadows in the middle and higher mountains. engelmannii foliaceus frondosus glaucodes hesperius integrifolius occidentalis pauciflorus perelegans alpigenus alpigenus dodder dodecatheon dodecatheon shooting genus dogbaneV dogfennel^ dogtooth dogwood dolabriform dorsalE dorsally dorsiventrally doubleA douglas downingia draba draba whitlow grass genus dragonhead driedp drooping dropseed opseed Tapertip Hawksbeard Mountain Hawksbeard Slender Hawksbeard Low Hawksbeard Modoc Hawksbeard Western Hawksbeard Meadow Hawksbeard ErigeronB Erigeron (Fleabane genus) Perennial or less commonly annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, rarely entirely basal. Heads solitary to several, rarely numerous, occasionally without ray flowers; involucral bracts narrow (ours to about 1.5 mm wide), nearly equal to distinctly imbricate, herbaceous throughout or at least the inner partly chartaceous, acute to long-tapered and somewhat "tailed" at the apex; receptacle flat or nearly so, naked; ray flowers pistillate, the rays usually ttata BalsamrootQ hookeri macrophylla sagittata h elongate hairy tips. Achenes of the ray flowers 3-angled, those of the disc flowers compressed-quadrangular, usually glabrous; pappus typically lacking. AsterG ASTERACEAEP Aster R:Smooth Maple Rocky Mountain Maple Bigtooth Maple Boxelder SesuviumB Sesuvium (Seapurslane genus) Same as Family: Herbs or rarely subshrubs, often succulent. Leaves simple, opposite or appearing whorled, rarely alternate; stipules membranous or lacking. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymose clusters, bisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, hypogynous to epigynous; calyx 5-8-lobed or parted; stamens 5, each primary stamen divided into many secondary ones, some of these petaloid and sterile in one genbus; pistil 1, the ovary superior or inferior, 1-20B -chambered, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigmas 1-20. Fruit a membranous to woody capsule or berrylike, seeds usually numerous. Sea PurslaneG AIZOACEAEK Sea PurslaneQ verrucosum portulacastrum Seapurslane AlismaB E ChamomileG ASTERACEAE The traditional herb Camomile was prepared from Anthemis nobilis. Closely related plants from other genera were often called the same. This includes Chamomilla and Matricaria. Recent years have seen a compacting of the latter two genera into a single one: because it was named first Matricaria is retained as the name for both. This new usage will be reflected in subsequent editions of this work. P ChamomileQ recutita suaveolens R/Sweet False Chamomile Chamomile Pineapple Weed ChrysanthemumB 1976). ChrysanthemumQ"balsamita leucanthemum parthenium Costmary Ox-eye Daisy Feverfew ChrysothamnusB Nutt. Chrysothamnus (Rabbitbrush genus) Shrubs or subshrubs. Leaves alternate, sessile or nearly so, mostly linear to narrowly elliptic, entire. Heads numerous, entirely of bisexual disc flowers, 4- or 5-flowered; involucre cylindric, the bracts in 3-6 horizontally graduated series, these more or less vertically aligned in 3-5 ranks, chartaceous thoughout to green-tipped or greenish along the midnerve; receptacle naked; corollas yellow, sometimes white; style branches flattened, terminatingB in minutely hairy appendages. Achenes slender, terete and angled or flattened, glabrous to densely hairy; pappus of numerous, minutely barbed, hairlike bristles. RabbitbrushG ASTERACEAE logy and anatomy of the achenes (see Tutin et al. 1976). Crepis (Hawksbeard genus) Annual to perennial taprooted herbs, usually with milky juice. Leaves chiefly basal, variously pinnately lobed to merely toothed or rarely entire, the stem leaves few, alternate, generally much reduced, occasionally bractlike or lacking. Heads 1-numerous, entirely of bisexual ray flowers; involucral bracts generally in 1 or 2 sets, the outer, when present, much shorter than the inner, often unequal and relatively inconspicuous, the inner or principal bracts e longate and equal, in a few species the bracts imbricate; receptacle flat to convex, naked or somewhat hairy; rays yellow (ours), often fading to whitish in the dried specimen, style branches threadlike, long-tapered or truncate. Achenes terete or nearly so, gradually tapered to the summit but not distinctly beaked, smooth or 10-20-ribbed; pappus copious, of soft, white, hairlike bristles, these smooth or minutely barbed, falling separately or in clumps but not in a ring. herbsB herbs shrubs stems branches prostrate ascending herein hermann heron's hesperis heteromorphic heterothecay heterotheca golden aster genusy heuchera heuchera alumroot genus ASTERACEAE The Cudweed genus is worldwide, with mote than 100 species. They can be annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs elsewhere. Typically they are covered with a mat of woolly hairs. Ray flowers are absent. We have two species, both of wet areas: Cottonbatting Cudweed a taller plant (2'6") of disturbed wet sites such as canal banks. Lowland Cudweed a short plant (1-6 inches) of open wet areas, including more native sites. Cudweed / EverlastingQ chilense palustre R&Cottonbatting Cudweed Lowland Cudweed 4A GrindeliaB Willd. Grindelia (Gumweed or Resinweed genus) See species description locally Gumweed ResinweedG ASTERACEAE the key on the natur slender, not jointed; perianth segments 6 in two similar series, free or nearly so, erect to spreading, petaloid at flowering, often becoming membranous and persistent in fruit; stamens 6, the filaments basally dilated, the expanded portion often fused to the base of the perianth segments; ovary superior, 3-chambered, in many species apically crested, the slender style with an entire or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit an ovoid to globose capsule, sometimes 3-lobed, often crested at the apex; seeds uC0sually 2 per chamber, obovoid, wrinkled, black. Wild Onion Wild GarlicG LILIACEAE The Wild Onion genus is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, with about 500 species. They are all herbs, almost all with a strong aroma. Many are cultivated for culinary use, others for their spectacular heads of flowers, which may be on a stem to 3 or 4 feet tall. or sometimes pink; stamens 5-25; pistil 1, the ovary partially to completely inferior, with 1-5 free styles. Fruit a globose to ovoid pome; seeds 1-5, each enclosed in a hardened endocarp HawthornG ROSACEAE The Hawthorn genus is large, with 150 species concentrated in the eastern part of North America, where it is extremely difficult to distinguish among them. They are shrubs or small trees, usually armed with thorns. Leaves are alternate, with stalks, and are variously toothed or lobed. Flowers are in clusters, with 5 white (occasionaly pink) petals, spread widely. Fruit is commonly called a berry, but is actually a miniature apple ("pome") which may be yellow, red, purple or black. Only 3 species are native to the whole Intermountain Region. One of these, the Douglas Hawthorn also occurs here, along with an escapee One-seed Hawthorn. Golden Aster as an informal genus has about 20-25 species of annuals and perennials native to North America. Most are relatively hairy planta with multiple flower heads. Ray flowers are golden yellow. Our only local plant is relatively short (to 18 inches), very hairy, and common in open sunny habitats. It has many flower heads. What to call it? There is more agreement about the common name Hairy Golden Aster than about the botanical name: technical arguments have left no consensus as toB whether Heterotheca should be combined with Chrysopsis into a single genus, which would take the latter name. Meanwhile the plants smile on... Golden AsterQ villosa Hairy Golden Aster :A HieraciumB olate, long-tapered, readily deciduous scales. , long-tapered, readily deciduous scales. 039-026M 011-014N 005-023P MonkeyflowerQ_floribundus guttatus lewisii moschatus rubellus suksdorfii tilingii cardinalis cusickii Measly Monkeyflower Seep Monkeyflower Yellow Monkeyflower Common Monkeyflower Lewis's Monkeyflower Musk Monkeyflower Little Red Monkeyflower Reddish Monkeyflower Suksdorf's Monkeyflower Miniature Monkeyflower Tiling's Monkeyflower Subalpine Monkeyflower Hieracium (Hawkweed genus) Perennial herbs with milky juice, from subrhizomatous bases with fibrous root systems; stems erect, often naked above. Leaves basal or the usually few stem leaves alternate, petioled below, often sessile above, the blades simple, ours entire or toothed. Heads 3-50, entirely of bisexual ray flowers, generally in small flat-topped clusters or in a paniculate inflorescence, rarely solitary; involucre cylindric to bell-shaped, the bracts green with membranous ma rgins, imbricate or essentially in 2 series, the outer short, the inner long; receptacle naked, flat or nearly so; rays yellow, white, or orange, 3-5-toothed at the tips the teeth often thickened and incurved in age. Achenes cylindric or fusiform, 10-15-ribbed or merely striate, truncate to tapered above but not distinctly beaked; pappus of relatively few to numerous, white to tawny, minutely barred, fragile bristles. 7-032N 038-005P Hawkweed Helvetica Geneva Verdana Times ERPTH MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species 010128.fm RPTHA Wasatch Species 010128.fm ntosh HD:Desktop Folder:Graphics:Wasatch Project:Wasatch Species 010128 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species 010128 RPTHA Wasatch Species 010128 Iva (Sumpweed or Povertyweed genus) Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, herbage glabrous or pubescent. Leaves simple, opposite, at least below. Heads entirely of disc flowers, small, nodding, solitary in leaf axils or crowded in a paniculate inflorescence; involucre subhemispheric to top-shaped, of 3-10 equal to imbricate bracts in 1-3 series, in some species the bracts partially fused, ours herbaceous to somewhat green-membranous; receptacle flat, chaffy throughout or naked at the c ,enter, the receptacular bracts linear to spoon-shaped, pale to greenish; flowers greenish-white, the marginal ones pistillate with tubular or rudimentary corollas, the central flowers staminate with funnelform corollas to 6 mm long. Achenes wedge-shaped to obovoid, somewhat compressed; pappus none. Sumpweed PovertyweedG ASTERACEAE TarweedG ASTERACEAE The Tarweeds are a small genus of 18 species, from the western U.S. and South America. They are usually sticky and smell strongly of tar. A most unusual feature is that each of the bracts around the flower heads wraps around one of the outermost seeds (achenes) of the flowers, often completely enclosing it. Ray flowers are yellow, very broad for their length, and with a 3-lobed tip. There are typically only one or a few. Two species are native to our area, both annuals of dry open placesB 070-026M 087-015N 087-016P TarweedQ glomerata gracilis R7Mountain Tarweed Tarweed Slender Tarweed Slender Madia MatricariaB Matricaria (Mayweed genus) See species description locally MayweedG ASTERACEAE TarweedG ASTERACEAE appus lacki Skeletonweed is a small genus, mostly of western N. America. Botanists still have not decided exactly how to divide the plants. They are more or less rushlike, with slender stems and small linear or scale-like leaves. Their juice is milky, like other members of the lettuce tribe. Flowers are showy, because there are relatively few but large ray flowers, lavender, pink or white. These are usually notched on the end, giving an appearance of Pinks. One common name for them is "Rush Pink". BEOur single species grows on the dry foothills, flowering May - July. SkeletonweedQ dianthopsis grandiflora spinosa R0Smoothseed Skeletonweed Rushpink Showy Rushpink MachaerantheraB re or less rushlike, with slender stems and small linear or scale-like leaves. Their juice is milky, like other members of the lettuce tribe. Skeletonweed trawberry Avens Oceanspray Ivesia Apple Petrophytum Ninebark Cinquefoil Cherry Stone-fruits Bitterbrush Blackberry Raspberry Bramble Burnet Sibbaldia Mountain Ash Bedstraw Cleavers Rubia Ditchgrass Poplar Cottonwood Aspen Willow Waterfern Mosquito Fern Comandra Alumroot Jamesia Woodland Star Miterwort Grass-of-Parnassus Saxifrage Indian Paintbrush Blue-eyed Mary Birdsbeak Mudwort Toadflax Monkeyflower Owl Clover Lousewort Beardtongue Figwort Kittentails Mullein Speedwell Spikemo Jimson Weed Thornapple Wolfberry Desert-thorn Tobacco Groundcherry Husktomato Nightshade Bur Reed Tamarisk Salt Cedar Cattail Hackberry Pellitory Nettle Plectritis Valerian Vervain Violet Dwarf Mistletoe Mistletoe Woodbine Grasswrack Puncturevine Caltrop Cutleaf Daffodil Hedgehog Cactus Twinflower Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus Sainfoin Locust Poppy California Poppy Tree-of-heaven Henbane Centranthus oldenrod Sowthistle Sphaeromeria Dandelion Horsebrush Townsendia Goatsbea The Bittercress genus is quite large (170 species), and occurs in most temperate regions. There are quite a few in western North America, but we have only one native, the Heart-leafed Bittercress. This is a handsome plant of midmontane to alpine, living streamside or in wet meadows. A relative newcomer is Hairy Bittercress, a European species first found in our area in 1978. It grows in disturbed sites in the valleys and foothills. The leaves of the bittercress have a pungent taste when B7chewed. They were named to indicate a medicinal value. BittercressQ cordifolia hirsuta concatenata R(Heartleaf Bittercress Hairy Bittercress CardariaB Desv. MustardG BRASSICACEAEP MustardQ kaber nigra oleracea Camelina kidney-shaped kinds kingsburyX kittentails knapweedh knobs knotweed known kochia kochia summer cypress genus koeleria labrador lacerate lackingA lactuca} lactuca lettuce genus} ladder ladies lady's lamium lamium deadnettle genus lance-cylindric 3-toothed 3-valved 3.5-12 4-12A 4-20i 4-anglede 4-chambered 4-grooved 4-lobed 4-merous 4-numerous 4-rayed 4-valved drier, more open habitats. P GoldenrodQHcanadensis missouriensis multiradiata occidentalis sparsiflora Canada Goldenrod Goldenrod Missouri Goldenrod Mountain Goldenrod Low Goldenrod Baby Goldenrod Dwarf Goldenrod Western Goldenrod Slender Goldenrod Alcove Goldenrod SonchusB Sonchus (Sowthistle genus) Annual to perennial herbs with milky juice; stems erect, usually solitary. Leaves alternate or basal, usually auriculate-clasping, entire to toothed or pinnatifid, often with prickly margins or the teeth spine-tipped. Heads entirely of bisexual ray flowers, few to many in a variously branched inflorescence; involucre bell-shaped, the bracts imbricate in 3-5 series, often basally thickened in age; receptacle naked; rays yellow. Achenes oblanceolate to ellipti sloughgrass kuntze theirk thelypodium themG then` theseB thickL thick-walled thickenedn thinG thin-membranous thinner third Bnc, subterete to strongly compressed, ribbed or striate, beakless; pappus of copious, soft, hairlike bristles. SowthistleG ASTERACEAE 2Sowthistles are a group of about 50 Old World species in the lettuce tribe - milky juice; only ray flowers are present, these numerous and yellow. Our 3 species are imported weeds, growing to 6 feet tall in gardens and waste land in the valleys. Leaves vary from spiny to prickly, and can be very large. SowthistleQ arvensis asper oleraceus RGField Sowthistle Prickly Sowthistle Spiny Sowthistle Common Sowthistle SphaeromeriaB Nutt. Sphaeromeria See species description locally SphaeromeriaG ASTERACEAE 015-001M 075-006P Puncturevine / CaltropQ terrestris Puncturevine Goathead Caltrop BahiaB CutleafG ASTERACEAE AXBahia is a genus of about 15 species, occurring in the western U.S., Mexico, and Chile. CutleafR Cutleaf A NarcissusB DaffodilG AMARYLLIDACEAE VCultivated plants are derived from wild forebears, usually by selection of the favored types in nature. This is followed by breeding for larger size, tastier roots, showier flowers, etc., according to the horticulturist's needs. Daffodils and narcissus come from relatively humble ancestors, and have been bred for size, color and fragrance. DaffodilR Daffodil EchinocereusB Hedgehog CactusG CACTACEAE 055-004M 054-002N 052-012P Tamarisk / Salt CedarQ ramosissima tetrandra RHSalt Cedar Tamarisk Tamarix Fourstamen Tamarisk Small-flowered Tamarisk perennial scapose herbs rhizomes bearing fleshy fibrous perennialsL perenniis perfoliate perianth pericarp perideridiaT perideridia yampah genusT perigynia perigynium perigynous period periodic periphery perityle periwinkleW persist periphery perityle periwinkleW persist periphery perityle periwinkleW persist periphery perityle periwinkleW persist periphery perityle periwinkleW persist iphery perityle periwinkleW persist eriphery periwinkleW persist ften yellow. We have a single species in our area, the Oregon Grape. Around the state are a few more. Flowers are a rich yellow, followed by a dark blue berry. The genus is frequently split into two, according to major characters of the leaves. Those with compound leaves containing several to many leaflets, and without spines on the stem (including Oregon Grape), are separated Bqout as Mahonia. Not all botanists accept this distinction, and the name will remain unchanged in the new edition. BarberryQ repens AlnusB Mill. Alnus (Alder genus) See species description locally BarberryG BERBERIDACEAE Amsinckia (Fiddleneck genus) Annuals, stems erect, simple or branched; herbage bristly-hairy throughout (ours). Leaves alternate, linear to ovate, generally entire. Flowers on coiled axes, these usually ebracteate, uncoiling and elongating with age; calyx 5-lobed to the base or nearly so, or occasionally some of the lobes laterally fused; corolla yellow to orange, narrowly funnelform to salverform, a crest minute or lacking; stamens included, the filaments short, the anthers oblong; s tyles in some species of different lengths in different individuals, shorter than or exceeding the stamens, the stigma globose or nearly so. Nutlets 4, ovoid, angled, dorsally smooth or rough and often keeled, a prominent ventral keel extending from the tip to below the middle, the attachment scar small and situated near the base of the ventral keel; gynobase pyramidal, about half the length of the nutlets. FiddleneckQ retrorsa tessellata intermedia bracteateC bractlet bractletsG bractlikeG bractsE bramble branch trange fruits consist of a small tomato-like berry (which is edible) enclosed in an enlarged papery calyx. Although they are rarely used for food now, they are still grown as ornamentals. We have a single species naturalized from the eastern U.S., known as the Virginia Groundcherry at the time of the first edition, but which has now been included within the Longleaf Groundcherry. It is uncommon, but may occsionally be found along roadsides. 096-010M 033-004N 033-005P Groundcherry / HusktomatoQ/heterophylla virginiana longifolia crassifolia RpClammy Groundcherry Eastern Groundcherry Popweed Virginia Groundcherry Common Groundcherry Common Ground-cherry SolanumB Hackelia (Tickweed or Wild Forget-Me-Not genus) Biennial or perennial (rarely annual) taprooted herbs with or without a caudex; herbage pubescent throughout with coarse to fine, spreading to appressed hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, the basal or lower stem leaves generally petioled, the middle and upper leaves gradually reduced and becoming sessile. Flowers on 1-many, ebracteate, coiled axes, these ultimately elongating to form narrow to broad panicles; pedicels recurved in fruit; ca lyx 5-lobed nearly to the base; corolla blue or white with blue markings, occasionally entirely white (in some species pink in the bud), rotate with a very short tube and a 5-lobed, abruptly flared limb, the typically yellow crest well developed but not closing the throat; stamens included, arising at about the middle of the tube; style shorter than the mature nutlets. Nutlets 4, ovate to lanceolate in outline, medially attached to a broad low gynobase, keeled ventrally on the upper one-ha eth, not toward the sinuses between them; petioles of lower leaves sheathing only near the base, those above more prominently sheathing, the uppermost leaves often reduced to a bla deless sheath. Flowers in 1-several compound umbels; involucre usually lacking, sometimes replaced by a bractlike, bladeless, sheathing petiole; involucel of entire bractlets or lacking; calyx teeth lacking or inconspicuous; petals white or rarely pink or yellowish; epigynous disc margins often somewhat lobed or wavy and broader than the immature fruit; stylopodium broadly low-conic. Fruit strongly compressed parallel with the commissure, the lateral ribs with broad, thin to corky wings; t Goldenrods are familiar as garden plants and in the wild. About 100 species in the genus are mainly from North America. The typical image is of tall plants having a very long cluster of small golden flowers. That is true of some, but many are much shorter, despite having overall similarities that truly rank them as goldenrods. Borders of the genus are difficult to define precisely, and revisions are constantly occurring: Parry's Goldenweed is in process of becoming Parry's Goldenrod, while Western Goldenrod is being moved out to a different genus. Flower heads are small but numerous, giving a soft appearance. At first sight there may not seem to be any ray flowers, but there are typically about 10 small ones, only 1/20 inch long. Again, this adds to the soft appearance. We have about 7 species including Parry's and Western. Canada Goldenrod is the archetype, growing to 6 feet tall along streams and wet areas. Other goldenrods rarely grow to half that height, and prefer bellshaped belowG beneath bentgrass berberis berberis barberry genus Tetradymia (Horsebrush genus) Low shrubs with rigid, usually hairy branches. Leaves alternate, narrow, entire, solitary or fascicled, the primary leaves in some species modified into spines. Heads entirely of disc flowers, clustered at the tips of branches or solitary in leaf axils; involucre cylindric to oblong, the bracts 4-6, equal, erect, laterally overlapping; receptacle naked; disc flowers 4-9, bisexual, yellow; anthers often somewhat tailed at the base; style branches variable.B Achenes cylindric to obovoid, obscurely 5-nerved, glabrous to densely long-hairy; pappus of numerous, white, soft, minutely barbed, hairlike bristles. HorsebrushG ASTERACEAE ebrushG ASTERACEAE obscurely 5-nerved, glabrous to densely long-hairy; pappus of numerous, white, soft, minutely barbed, hairlike bristles. ASTERACEAE OA TaraxacumB Weber ledum ledum labrador genus leersia legume lemma lemmas lemna lemna duckweed genus length lengths lengthwise lengths lengthwise Sagittaria (Arrowhead genus) Only one species locally. E ArrowheadG ALISMATACEAEK +P ArrowheadQ cuneata latifolia Wapato Arrowleaf AmaranthusB Amaranthus (Amaranth genus) Annual, rarely perennial, monoecious or dioecious, weedy herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled, entire to wavy-margined, the veins of the dorsal surface often white. Flowers clustered in leaf axils or crowded in terminal or axillary, simple or compound spikes, the staminate interspersed with the pistillate, each flower or flower cluster subtended by 2-several, green or red to purple, sometimes pungent-tipped bracts; sepals 1-5, free, membranous or herbaceous, i Water PlantainG ALISMATACEAEP Water PlantainQ gramineum plantago-aquatica RLNarrowleaf Water Plantain Grass Alisma Common Water Plantain Water Plantain SagittariaB &e to tropical America, and has smaller violet flowers about 3 inches long. Because of their striking foliage and flowers these are quite often cultivated. All parts of the plants are highly toxic, and somewhat narcotic. Fruits are round thorny "apples", also toxic, but not likely to be eaten. 134d-01M 100-033N 134d-02P Jimson Weed / ThornappleQ wrightii RCSacred Datura Indian Apple Angel's Trumpet Jimson Weed Thorn Apple LyciumB Lycium (Wolfberry or Desert-thorn genus) See species description locally Wolfberry Desert-thornG SOLANACEAE *Matchweeds are mostly small shrubs of the western U.S. and adjacent Canada and Mexico. We have a single species, the Common Matchweed. Branches die back partly each year, so the new growth arises out of a rounded mound, with dead twigs protruding. Yellow flowers are both ray and disc, but small. P MatchweedQ sarothrae Broom Snakeweed Matchweed BerberisB Berberis (Barberry genus) See family description locally BarberryG BERBERIDACEAE rs have large leaves. Flower heads are separately male or female. The bracts around the latter become hard and covered in hooked spines, creating the bur. Ray flowers are absent. P CockleburQ strumarium circumscissileE cirsiumn cirsium thistle genusn cited clarkia clasping classificationk clawed claws claytonia claytonia springbeauty genus cleavers cleft] cleistogamous clematis clematis virgin's bower genus cleome cleome beeplant spider flower genus cliffbrake cliffrose climbing clinging closed closely closing clothing clover club-shapedR clubshapedi clumpsp clusterE clusteredE different habitats: C. purpurascens, with purple flowers, grows in the valleys; C. longipes, with yellow flowers, grows mainly in the foothills and lower mountains; C. hendersonii, with yellow flowers, grows in the high mountains on rocky slopes. 018-027M 018-013P SpringparsleyQThendersonii longipes purpurascens acaulis lemmonii purpureus newberryi bulbosus Mountain Spring-parsley Mountain Rock-parsley Longfoot Springparsley Long-stalk Springparsley Purple Springparsley Widewing Spring-parsley DaucusB Daucus (Carrot genus) See species description locally glabru dietr adans beauv benth benth bernh berthel bessH bowden maxim camus medic moench reichenb grayj berthel weber willd petioleG petioledE petiolesC petradoria petrophytum phacelia phacelia scorpionweed genus phalaris phalaris canary grass genus phleum phleum timothy genus phlox phlox sweet william genus phoradendron phoradendron mistletoe genus phragmites phragmites genus physalis physalis groundcherry husktomato genus physaria physaria twinpod genus physocarpus physocarpus ninebark genus picea picea spruce genus pickleweed pimpernel pinkG pink-purplef teral lobes 1acking or obscure; stamens 4, the lower pair the longer, the anther sacs conspicuously hairy, strongly divergent, confluent after dehiscence. Nutlets light to dark brown, angled, truncate to rounded at the apex, smooth or tuberculate, sometimes white-spotted. DeadnettleG LAMIACEAEP DeadnettleQ amplexicaule purpureum R;Henbit Deadnettle Dead-nettle Purple Deadnettle Red Henbit LeonurusB Leonurus (Motherwort genus) See species description locally MotherwortG LAMIACEAEP MotherwortQ cardiaca Common Motherwort LycopusB to sheep and cattle when wilted as a result of inadequate moisture or unseasonal frost (Stoddart et al. 1949). et al. 1949). ListeraB R. Br. Torr. Listera (Twayblade genus) See species description locally E TwaybladeG ORCHIDACEAE Twayblades are a small group of 25 species of small orchids in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. They are named for the pair of leaves at mid stem. Flowers are small and inconspicuous. P TwaybladeQ convallarioides Broad-leaved Twayblade SpiranthesB Rich. at mid stem. Flowers are small and inconspicuous. P TwaybladeQ convallarioides Broad-leaved Twayblade SpiranthesB Rich. ids have leaves that remain through flowering. The White Bog Orchid is the most common. All three will be included in the genus Platanthera. CypripediumB labrador labrador ladder ladies ladies tresses lady's lady's slipper larch larkspur laurel lawnd daisyd layia lettuce leucelene lewisia licorice lilac littlew little gentian little polecat little sunflowerw lloydia locoweed locust loosestrife lotus lousewort lovage lovegrass lover StipaB TrisetumB TriticumB CollomiaB GiliaB LeptodactylonB gA LinanthusB MicrosterisB NavarretiaB PhloxB PolemoniumB lA EriogonumB OxyriaB nA PolygonumB RumexB AdiantumB qA AspidotisB rA AspleniumB AthyriumB CheilanthesB CryptogrammaB CystopterisB DryopterisB PellaeaB Elodea See species description locally ElodeaG HYDROCHARITACEAEK ElodeaQ longivaginata Waterweed Serrate Elodea HydrophyllumB Hydrophyllum (Waterleaf genus) Annual or more often perennial herbs with fleshy-fibrous roots arising from very short to well-developed rhizomes. Leaves alternate, mostly long-petioled, the blades variously lobed or pinnately divided. Flowers 5-merous, in modified cymose clusters with coiled axes, calyx lobed nearly to the base; corolla white to purple, bell-shaped, lobed to the middle or beyond; stamens exserted, arising at or near the base of the corolla tube, each filament flanked B by a pair of linear, ciliate appendages, the latter fused with the corolla; style 1 with 2 short branches. Capsule globose, 1- chambered, 2-valved; seeds 1-3, subglobose, reticulate. R. Br. abrum Make list Inspect Startup Other Species list Species Informal Informal name 048-017M 049-001P Waterfern / Mosquito FernQ mexicana Mexican Waterfern Mosquitofern ComandraB Nutt. Comandra See species description locally ComandraG SANTALACEAEKKThis has only two species, ours and a closely related one in Balkan Europe.P ComandraQ umbellata Bastard Toadflax HeucheraB 1-chambered, each of the 2 carpels prolonged at the apex into a divergent short beak, the style essentially obsolete at the apex of each beak, the stigmas discoid, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule dehiscing from the apex, the portion of the capsule above the floral tube ultimately forming an obscure rim at the apex of the floral tube, the beaks thus not persistent and the capsule appearing circumscissile; seeds numerous, usually black and shiny at maturity, faintly pitted. E MiterwortG SAXIFRAGACEAE ach beak, the stigmas discoid, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule dehiscing from the apex, the portion of the capsule above the floral tube ultimately forming an obscure rim at the apex of the floral tube, the beaks thus not persistent and the capsule appearing circumscissile; seeds numerous, usually black and shiny at maturity, faintly pitted. Abies Abronia Achillea Aconitum Actaea Adiantum Adonis Aegilops Agastache Agoseris Agrohordeum (X) Agropyron Agrositanion (X) Agrostis Alisma Allenrolfea Allium Alnus Alopecurus Althaea Alyssum Amaranthus Ambrosia Amelanchier Amsinckia Anagallis Anaphalis Anchusa Androsace Anemone Angelica Antennaria Anthemis Apera Apocynum Aquilegia Arabidopsis Arabis Arceuthobium Arctium Arctostaphylos Arenaria Argemone Aristida Arnica Arrhenatherum Artemisia Asclepias Asparagus Asperugo Aspidotis splenium Aster Astragalus Athyrium Atriplex Avena Azolla Balsamorhiza Barbarea Bassia Beckmannia Bellis Berberis Mahonia Berula Betula Bidens Boisduvalia Borago Botrychium Brassica Brickellia Bromus Calamagrostis Callitriche Calochortus Caltha Calystegia Camassia Camelina Camissonia Campanula Cannabis Capsella Cardamine Cardaria Carduus Carex Carum Castilleja Catabrosa Ceanothus Celtis Cenchrus Centaurea Centaurium Cerastium Ceratophyllum Cercocarpus Chaenactis Chamomilla Cheilanthes HempG CANNABACEAE The Hemp genus is of ancient linkage to the human race, so long that its history is obscure. Probably it originated in central Asia, and has been cultivated for two entirely different purposes. First, its long stems have been used as a source of strong fiber (hemp); second, the female flower heads have been used as a source of psychoactive drugs (marihuana, hashish). For a time the different forms bred for these purposes were regarded as separate species, Cannabis sativa and C. indica. NoBKw, however, it is customary to view them as subspecies of the first named. HempQ sativa R!Marijuana Hashish Grass HumulusB Humulus (Hops genus) See species description locally CAMPANULACEAEQ laeta CannabisB arate male and female flowers. If the different sexes are on an individual plant the pattern is called monoecious, if on different plants it is called dioecious. Ragweeds are monoecious. In our species clusters of tiny male flowers with their stamens dangle from the ends of the stems, while the female flowers are clustered below. Our most common species is the Western Ragweed, A. psilostachya, which forms thick stands along the edges of many roads. Burweed, A. acanthicarpa, develops ragC-ged spines from the edges of its seed case. RagweedQ?acanthicarpa artemisiifolia psilostachya tomentosa trifida RYBurweed Bur Ragweed Common Ragweed Western Ragweed Bur Ragweed Low Ragweed Giant Ragweed A AnaphalisB ds. Burweed, A. acanthicarpa, develops rag wapato wasatchP wasatch biscuitrootP wasatch daisyq wasatch draba wasatch fleabaneq wasatch penstemon waterC water beardgrass water clover water foxtail water groundsel water hemlockJ water water lady's thumb water milfoil water mudwort water plantainungent-tipped bracts; sepals 1-5, free, membranous or herbaceous, in some species purple-tinged to bB right red; stamens (1-3)5; ovary superior, the styles 1-3. Fruit a membranous, 1-seeded, circumscissile capsule (ours), rarely dehiscing irregularly or indehiscent and a utricle; seeds erect, lenticular, shiny. Amaranth / Pigweed Pigweed G AMARANTHACEAE Amaranth / Pigweed Pigweed G AMARANTHACEAE 010-014N 096-022 genera listed above, we here follow the traditional treatment. phoricarpos taraxacum False Dandelion, or Mountain Dandelion aptly describe the superficial resemblance between flower heads, but the leaves are usually much less "lion-toothed" than the original. The characteristic look of these flower heads is due to their being composed entirely of ray flowers with their petal-like extensions: since they protrude from all over the head, and not just from the sides, the result looks nothing like a traditional set of petals. Like other members of this section of the family, A goseris has milky juice. Leaves are all clustered at the base, and the naked stem carries a single showy head of yellow or orange flowers. Of our three species, A. heterophylla is an annual that lives in the valleys and foothills. The other two are perennials. A. glauca is widespread and variable in character, while A. auriantica is definitely a mountain plant. Its orange flowers are unmistakable. STERACEAE cally / Myrtle MyrtleG APOCYNACEAE incaB 096-009M 020-019N 089-006P Poplar / Cottonwood / AspenQLacuminata (X) angustifolia balsamifera fremontii tremuloides nigra Lanceleaf Cottonwood White Poplar Narrowleaf Cottonwood Balsam Cottonwood Balsam Poplar Black Cottonwood Fremont's Cottonwood Quaking Aspen Quakey SalixB Heliotropium (Heliotrope genus) See species description locally HeliotropeG BORAGINACEAE The Heliotrope genus is named to mean "sun turner". It has about 200 species, which can be herbs or shrubs. Flowers occur in long helical spikes similar to those of fiddlenecks. Flower color is usually white or blue. There is just one species locally, the Salt Heliotrope. 065-012P HeliotropeQ curassavicum Quail plant Salt Heliotrope LappulaB Moench Tickweed / Wild Forget-Me-NotQ floribunda micrantha patens HeliotropiumB Heliotropium (Heliotrope genus) See species description locally Sagebrush / WormwoodQZarbuscula biennis dracunculus ludoviciana tridentata tripartita filifolia michauxiana Low Sagebrush Biennial Wormwood Tarragon Louisiana Sagewort White Sage Louisiana Wormwood Foothill Sage Big Sagebrush Common Sagebrush Sagebrush Three-tip Sagebrush Threetip Sagebrush Michaux's Wormwood AsterB Aster (Aster genus) Annual, biennial, or more often perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed, usually sessile. Heads solitary to numerous, with both ray and disc flowers or rarely the ray flowers lacking; involucral bracts in several usually imbricate series, green throughout or green-tipped and chartaceous below, occasionally chartaceous throughout, narrow to broad, obtuse to acute or rarely short-tapered at the tips; receptacle flat to slightly convex, naked; ray flowers bbed or smooth, usually glabrous; pappus none. snowberry soapwort sorghum sorrel sowthistle speedwell sphaeromeria spider spike spike primrose spikemoss spikerush spleenwort sprangletop springbeauty springparsley spruce spurge squirreltail john's starwort starwort chickweed stickseed stone-fruits stonecrop stoneseed stoneseed gromwell puccoon storksbill storksbill filaree heron's strawberry sumac summer summer cypress sumpweed| sumpweed povertyweed| eled or rounded on the back, rarely short-awned, the first 1-nerved or nerveless (rarely obsolete), the second 1-3-nerved; lemma similar to or somewhat firmer than the glumes, rounded on the back, 3-nerved, commonly obscurely so, obtuse to acute or awned from the tip, rarely from between short apical lobes, the callus inconspicuous, glabrous or in some species long-hairy. Caryopsis free from but mostly remaining enclosed within the lemma and palea. MuhlygrassG POACEAE Muhylgrass has about 100 species, most diverse in the western U.S. Thsy are quite variable in size and growth habit. We have only 2 in our range, but Arizona has 45 species. Pull-up Muhly is a delicate annual, while Muhly Scratchgrass is a perennial. ChrysanthemumG ASTERACEAE Botanists are divided as to where the lines should be drawn for including species in this genus - limiting it to just 3 species, or as many as 75. In the revision of Arnow's book that is underway, all present species will be changed: Chrysanthemum balsamita becomes Balsamita major Chrysanthemum leucanthemum becomes Leucanthemum vulgare Chrysanthemum parthenium becomes Tanacetum parthenium These names have been used in Europe for many years. All three are natives of EurBBope or Asia, have deeply lobed leaves, and are strongly aromatic. amsinckia astragalus@ clarkia@ deschampsia@ gilia@ tradymia@ Sphaeralcea (Globemallow genus) Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base; herbage usually stellate throughout. Leaves simple, toothed to variously divided. Flowers in compact racemes or narrow panicles; bractlets subtending the calyx 0-3, deciduous soon after flowering; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, usually reddish-orange, rarely pink or lavender; filaments arising singly from the often pubescent staminal tube; stigmas globose. Schizocarp ultimately separating into 8-12 thick-walled meB ricarps, each 1- or 2-seeded, stellate on the back and differentiated into a smooth dehiscent upper portion and a reticulate-veined indehiscent basal portion. GlobemallowG MALVACEAEP GlobemallowQ3coccinea grossulariaefolia angustifolia parvifolia RZScarlet Globemallow Common Globemallow Gooseberry Globemallow Gooseberry-leaf Globemallow MarsileaB Stellaria (Starwort or Chickweed genus) Annual to perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, entire; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, solitary or in bracteate cymes; sepals (4) 5, free or barely fused at the base; petals (4) 5, sometimes lacking, white, shallowly to deeply bilobed; stamens 10, occasionally fewer; styles 3 (4 or 5). Fruit an ovoid to lance-cylindric, 1-chambered capsule opening by 6 erect to slightly spreading teeth; seeds few to numerous, compressed-globose to somewhat kidnBTey-shaped or oblong in outline, nearly smooth to distinctly patterned or papillose. Starwort ChickweedG CARYOPHYLLACEAE king them look as though there are 10 rather than 5. Catchweed Bedstraw Cleavers Common Bedstraw Twinleaf Bedstraw Northern Bedstraw Mexican Bedstraw Rough Bedstraw Shrubby Bedstraw Small Bedstraw Sweet-scented Bedstraw RubiaB Rubia See species description locally RubiaG RUBIACEAE CThe Rubia genus has about 60 species in Eurasia, Africa and tropical America. They are perennial herbs with whorled leaves, and hooke prickles on stems and leaf veins. Flowers are in clusters in leaf junctions, small and 5-parted. Fruits are fleahy. berry-like. We have a single species, Madder, which was used for dying. 087-020M 087-019N 100-001P RubiaQ tinctorum Madder RuppiaB Ruppia (Ditchgrass genus) See species description locally Brassica gives its name to the whole family. Economically it is the most important also, being home to the mustards and the cabbages in all their various forms - cabbage, sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower. Plants tend to be coarse, leafy. Many contain mustard oils that give them their characteristic flavor; in large concentrations they can be harmful. Flowers are yellow, often fading to white. Seed pods are cylindrical, not particularly long for the size of the plants, and have a "beak", a B narrow end portion that lacks seeds. There are no species native to our area. Those we have are agricultural escapes, not always identifiable. 058-012M 087-013N 050-023P MustardQ kaber nigra oleracea R;Charlock Wild Mustard Black Mustard Field Mustard Birdrape CamelinaB Crantz Camelina (False Flax genus) See species description locally BarbareaB R. Br. P Blackberry / Raspberry / BrambleQ idaeus leucodermis parviflorus RFWild Raspberry Western Raspberry Black Raspberry Western Thimbleberry SanguisorbaB Sanguisorba See species description locally BurnetG ROSACEAE The Burnets are a small group of plants of the northern temperate regions, annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves are alternate, pinnately compound with serrated leaflets atteched to a central stalk. They easily fit in with leaves of some cinquefoils, etc. Flowers are very different, however, in that they frequently are separate male and female flowers (rather than a single flower with both types of part), and the different sexes may be on different plants. Not only that, but they la critical. Click the button for a summary table of our plants. Among the more distinctive species are Tower Mustard, Skyrocket, Littleleaf, and Spreading Rockcresses. 027-001M 028-027N 052-031P RockcressQmconfinis drummondii glabra hirsuta holboellii lemmonii lyallii microphylla perennans sparsiflora pulchra Spreadingpod Rockcress Drummond Rockcress Tower Mustard Hairy Rockcress Skyrocket Holboell Rockcress Lemmon's Rockcress Lyall Rockcress Littleleaf Rockcress Small-leaf Rockcress Common Rockcress Sicklepod Rockcress Sickle Rockcress BarbareaB R. Br. so their pinks and lavenders do not make much of a show. Fruits (seed pods) are the most distinctive feature for many rock-cresses: in particular their length, and how they stick up or down from the main stem can b bells MARIA Wasatch Families.fp3 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Families RPTHA Wasatch Families MARIA Wasatch Species.fp3 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species RPTHA Wasatch Species KRPTH MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species.fm RPTHA Wasatch Species.fm MARIA Wasatch Species.fp3 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species RPTHA Wasatch Species FMRLA FMRLA Family NameB Wasatch Families pecies.fp3 RPTHA Wasatch Species.fp3 bluebell genus about species divided between bluegrass genus large species orchid genus habenaria large brome chess genus about species temperate genus about 15-20 species cooler burdocks european plants simi_ burnets small group plants northern catchfly genus largest family containing catchweed madwort genus single species cattail genus about species temperate centranthus genus about dozen species annuals cinquefoil genus pronounced sinkfoil leaves cliffrose genus included species columbine genus about species temperate north dogwood genus cornus about species mostly 051-007M 026-004N 092-008P WhitetopQ chalepensis draba pubescens RWGlobe-podded Whitetop Orbicular Whitetop Heart-podded Whitetop Whitetop Hairy Whitetop ChlorocrambeB Rydb. Chlorocrambe See species description locally Mountain MustardG BRASSICACEAE Chlorocrambe has one species in our area Mountain Mustard. It is a tall, very distinctive plant of the middle mountains. "Chlorocrambe" means 'green cabbage', in the broad sense. Flowers are greenish. 064-019M 065-004N 041-017P Mountain MustardQ hastata Mountain Mustard Chlorocrambe 051-007M 026-004N 092-008 PanicgrassG POACEAE The name Panicgrass does not relate to hysteria, but to an old Latin name for Millet. The Panic Grass subfamily is named for this genus, which is the largest in the family. Most of its 300-500 species are in warmer regions, and only a few reach here. Millet is a food crop of great importance in Africa. Flowers and seeds are in a large open panicle, which is a structure having branchlets upon branchlets (Photo 2). We have 4 species, 2 of which are native. 075-028M 075-030N 075-029P PanicgrassQ0capillare dichotomiflorum lanuginosum miliaceum R>Witchgrass Fall Panicgrass Woolly Panicgrass Broomcorn Millet PhalarisB urs) or dull and wrinkled. Tansy MustardG BRASSICACEAE The Tansy Mustard genus has about 40 species worldwide, in the temperate zones. They are usually annuals of various habitats. Leaves and flowers make them fairly distinctive, easily recognizable as a group, but difficult to tell apart. The leaves are divided into narrow segments like a feather ("pinnate"), and the segments may again be divided similarly. Flowers are yellow, in clusters at the ends of branching stems. As the branches elongate a little cluster goes with it. Seed pods dev elop below the flowering section, and there may be hundreds on a mature plant. They range from short and fat to long and thin, depending on the species. We have 4 species, one a weed (mostly of the valleys), the others native, ranging from the valleys to alpine. Tansy MustardQ(californica pinnata richardsonii sophia Harebell / BellflowerQ rapunculoides rotundifolia R%Creeping Bellflower Rover Bellflower A DowningiaB Torr. Downingia See species description locally E DowningiaG CAMPANULACEAE #Downingia has about 14 species, native to the western U.S. They are plants of wet habitats, small and soft stemmed. Flowers are of the Lobelia type, with a 2-lobed upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip. We have a single species, the Shore Downingia which grows on mud flats at lower elevations. P DowningiaQ laeta Shore Downingia ichardsonii sophia DiplotaxisB PineQ-contorta flexilis monticola ponderosa edulis RTLodgepole Pine Black Pine Limber Pine Western White Pine Ponderosa Pine Yellow Pine PseudotsugaB Carr. Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir genus) See species description locally Douglas FirG PINACEAEP Douglas FirQ menziesii Douglas Fir Red Pine PlantagoB Plantago (Plantain genus) Herbs or subshrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate or more often entirely basal in rosettes. Flowers 4-merous in peduncled, bracteate spikes or heads, usually bisexual; sepals often in dimorphic pairs; corolla membranous, salverform to funnelform, the lobes usually ultimately spreadinq or deflexed; stamens 4, the anthers often apiculate-tipped; ovary 2-4-chambered. Fruit a capsule, circumscissile at or below the middle. blunt protuberance, this, in some spe whitea white orchid white checker mallow white clover white white hawkweedz white poplar white sagea white stonecrop white stoneseed white sweetclover white tickweed white virgin's bower white water crowfoot white-sage whitecockle whitemandarin whitemandarin twisted-stalk whitestemu whitestem blazing whitestem goldenweedu whitestem gooseberry whitetip whitetip clover whitetop whitlow whorled whorled buckwheat widewingL widewing spring-parsleyL wideworld wideworld parnassia widgeongrass wildM am-apple barley begonia black currant candytuft carrotM cucumber There are approximately 30 species in the Rocket genus, native to the Old World. Some of them are used as ornamentals, because of their large bright petals. One species, Dame's Rocket has been cultivated here and is well established as an escape in several places. 032-016P RocketQ matronalis Sweet Rocket Dame's Violet HutchinsiaB R. Br. Hutchinsia See species description locally HutchinsiaG BRASSICACEAE This is a small genus with only 3 species, all European, though one may also be native to North America. They are annuals with white flowers. Our only species, Hutchins's Mustard, is a small sprawling plant, to about 4 inches high. -30. The fruit is a "drupe" in which the seed proper (the meat of an almond, for instance) is enclosed in a hard shell, the whole being enclosed in a fleshy/juicy outer layer, with a skin. Several main groups of familiar fruits are included, such as plums, peaches and cherries. In all of these groups there are species which are cultivated for their flowers rather than their fruit. We have 1 native species, the Western Chokecherry. There are some escapes from cultivation: American Plum whC ich may still persist, St. Lucie Cherry which can be found near the entrance station of Mill Creek Canyon, and Peach which may no longer be present out of cultivation here. 031-027M 024-003N 013-035P Plum / Cherry / Stone-fruitsQ americana persica virginiana RDAmerican Plum Wild Plum Pottawattami Plum Peach Western Chokecherry PurshiaB lobesA lobularia locallyD Draba (Whitlow Grass genus) Mostly low, annual to perennial herbs from taproots, often with a simple or branched caudex, herbage glabrous (rarely) to densely pubescent with simple or variously branched hairs. Leaves alternate, or in some species entirely basal, entire or toothed, short-petioled to more often sessile, not stem-clasping. Flowers in simple or compound, ebracteate to partially bracteate racemes; sepals 4, slightly or not at all pouched at the base, mostly soon deciduous; petals 4, white to cream or yellow, clawed, the blade entire or shallowly notched, or in D. verna deeply lobed, rarely the petals lacking; stamens 6. Fruit a silicle or silique, ovate to elliptic or linear, strongly compressed parallel to the replum, flat or twisted, straight or curved, the valves obscurely 1-nerved or nerveless, glabrous or pubescent; style lacking or short to long, the stigma subentire; seeds in 2 rows on each side of the replum, oval to suborbicular, compressed, minutel ; sepals 4, erect to widely spreading, the outer pair sometimes pouched at the base; petals 4, yellow or less often white to pale lavender, sometines red- or purple-tinged, entire at the apex; stamens 6. Fruiting racemes elongate to somewhat umbellate; pedicels ascending to reflexed; fruit of silicles, sessile to short-stipitate, globose, ovoid to obovoid or ellipsoid, in some species slightly compressed at right angles to or parallel with the replum; style slender, the stigma small, obscuCkrely 2-lobed; seeds 1-l5 on each side of the replum, suborbicular, plump to flattened, generally wingless. BladderpodG BRASSICACEAE 008-008M 034-014N 033-029P BladderpodQ.garrettii occidentalis utahensis fendleri E#Peppergrass / Pepperweed Pepperweed Little Polecat is the sole member of its genus, which is closely related to Phlox. In recent work it is being included within that genus. Little PolecatQ gracilis Little Polecat NavarretiaB Ruiz. & Pav. Navarretia See species description locally NavarretiaG POLEMONIACEAE et, Photo 3). FlaxflowerQ MicrosterisB Greene Microsteris See species description locally Little PolecatG POLEMONIACEAE Little Polecat is the sole member of its genus, which is closely related to Phlox. Pntricate mechanisms operate to ensure pollination. Flowers change color once fertilized. Seed pods are often hairy. The two valves may curl as they dry out (Photo 5). We have five species, two low annuals (Short-stem and King's) and three perennials (Silvery, Heel-cup and Silky). The latter can be extremely difficult to tell apart. LupineQXargenteus brevicaulis caudatus kingii sericeus texensis pusillus latifolius breweri RYSilvery Lupine Shortstem Lupine Tailcup Lupine Spurred Lupine King's Lupine Silky Lupine MedicagoB on the upper side. Legume usually oblong and laterally flattened, 1-chambered; seeds 2 or more. The f sweet-cicelyR sweetclover sweetclovers sweetpea sweetpeas sweetpeas lathyrus genus vetches vicia genus extreme sweetvetch sweetvetches sweetvetches rather similar milkvetches/locoweed switched swollen sword sword-like sylvestris symbiotic symmetrical synonymous syriacum syrian systemz tabacum table takey taken takes taking tallE oatgrass small genus species european-nort tallerV tamarisk shrubs small medium trees tamarix SmelowskiaG BRASSICACEAE Smelowskia is a small genus of about 10 species, the name honoring the Russian botanist T. Smielowski. They are native to northern and central Asia, and western North America. Our single species ranges from Alaska and the Yukon through to Nevada, Utah and Colorado. It is a plant of harsh conditions, and many Smelowskias grow in a compct cushion-like form, from which flowering stems stick up. SmelowskiaQ calycina Siberian Smelowskia StreptanthusB Nutt. Streptanthus (Twistflower genus) See species description locally TwistflowerG BRASSICACEAE stribution. 033-030 PetrophytumQ caespitosum Tufted Rockmat Rock Spiraea The Prickly Pears constitute a large genus of around 200 species in the Americas. They are very difficult, sometimes confrontational and tenacious. Actually, the prickly Pears are only one part of the genus. At maturity all plants lack leaves, but may have them transiently during new growth. Stems are jointed and succulent. The Prickly Pears (Platyopuntias) have flattened joints, while the Chollas (Cylindropuntias) have cylindrical joints. None of the Chollas reaches into our area. Prickly Pears reach up into Canada. Characteristically, Opuntias have specialized areas of the joints called areoles from which arise spines (usually barbed) and much smaller glochids (minute, but wickedly barbed). Hybridization blurs the boundaries between species. Flowers are large and spectacular, delicate shades of yellow, muted orange, pink and rose. Unfortunately, color is not very useful for identifying a plant, because most species exhibit a range of colors. We have 3 species here. Bri adoneus alismaefolius aquatilis arvensis circinatus cymbalaria eschscholtzii flabellaris flammula glaberrimus inamoenus jovis longirostris macounii orthorhynchus repens sceleratus testiculatus andersonii Alpine Buttercup Plantainleaf Buttercup Plantain Buttercup White Water Crowfoot Hairleaf Water Crowfoot Field Buttercup Corn Buttercup Ring Buttercup Rocky Mountain Buttercup Shore Buttercup Marsh Buttercup Eschscholtz Buttercup Yellow Water Crowfoot Spearwort Creeping Spearwort Sagebrush Buttercup Pleasant Buttercup Drab Buttercup Utah Buttercup Jupiter Buttercup Longbeak Buttercup Bristly Crowfoot Macoun's Buttercup Straightbeak Buttercup Creeping Buttercup Blister Buttercup Bur ButtercB ThalictrumB Poverty WeedG CHENOPODIACEAE There are 3 species of Povrty Weed, all of western North America. They are all small annuals, flowers usually bisexual. Seeds are held vertical. We have a single species in our area. Poverty WeedQ nuttalliana Poverty Patata Poverty-weed SalicorniaB Salicornia (Pickleweed or Samphire or Glasswort genus) Glabrous, succulent, halophytic herbs or subshrubs; stems and branches jointed at the nodes, the internodes fleshy and terete, the branches usually numerous, 2 per node and opposite on the stem. Leaves opposite, reduced to minute triangular scales, these membranous-margined, laterally united and sheathlike at the apex of each internode, the free tips acute and ascending to ultimately widely divergent. Inflorescence of usually nume C{suckle, a woody vine ("real honeysuckle") is used in reclamation projects; it sometimes escapes and doesn't get reclaimed. 036-027M 004-011N 106-002P HoneysuckleQ.involucrata utahensis tatarica fragrantissima RYBearberry Honeysuckle Black Twinberry Utah Honeysuckle Twinsisters Tatarican Honeysuckle SambucusB eople find it hard to believe that our natives are actually honeysuckle. Flowers are often strongly fragrant, especially in the evening. Red berries may be toxic. Our two natives are the Utah Honeysuckle, and the Black Twinberry, both medium-sized shrubs of the middle mountains. Twinsisters is another shrub, one that escapes from cultivation and sometimes gets established in the foothills. Japanese Honey Pheasant's EyeG RANUNCULACEAE The Pheasant's Eye genus is small, with about 20 species in Eurasia. Our only member is an escape from cultivation. Plants may be annual or perennial from a taproot. Leaves are greatly dissected into narrow segments, all on the stem. Flowers are single, or in a simple cluster. 052-023M 052-024P Pheasant's EyeQ aestivalis Pheasant's Eye AnemoneB AUThe Woodnymph genus has only the single species, where the description can be found. 133-019M 133-018P WoodnymphQ uniflora R$Woodnymph Single Delight Wax Flower PyrolaB Pyrola (Wintergreen or Shinleaf genus) Glabrous perennial herbs from slender rhizomes. Leaves evergreen, somewhat leathery, usually chiefly basal and on short basal branches, the stem leaves alternate, reduced to small scales. Flowers mostly 5-merous, in terminal racemes on erect to pendent pedicels; calyx shallowly to deeply lobed; petals free, often somewhat unequal, concave, erect to spreading, soon falling; stamens 10, curved inward, the anthers inverted and opening by 2 pores at B the ends of short tubes terminal on the sacs; style straight or curved to one side, the stigma flat and shallowly 5-lobed or with 5 short erect lobes. Fruit a 5-lobed capsule; seeds numerous. Montia has about a dozen species, generally resembling Springbeauty, and plants sometimes get shifted between the two genera. Range includes America, Australia and Siberia. See Claytonia for a description that fits. Technical details (not fully agreed on) are all that separate them. MontiaQ chamissoi Water Springbeauty Toad-lily A PortulacaB Portulaca (Purslane genus) See species description locally PurslaneG PORTULACACEAE deschampsia descurainia dicentra digitaria diplotaxis dipsacus disporum distichlis dodecatheon downingia draba dryopteris echinocereus echinochloa echinocystis elaeagnus eleocharis eleusine elodea elymus elysitanion elysitanion epilobium epipactis equisetum eragrostis erigeron eriogonum erodium erysimum erythronium eschscholzia euclidium eupatorium euphorbia eurotia festuca floerkea fragaria frankenia fritillaria fumaria galium gaura gayophytum gentiana gentianella geranium hydrophyllum hymenoxys hypericum iliamna isatis isoetes juncus juniperus kalmia kochia lactuca lamium lappula lapsana lathyrus layia ledum lemna leonurus lepidium lesquerella leucelene ligusticum linum lithospermum uShield ferns or Wood Ferns are a large cosmopoliitan genus. They are medium sized to large, growing in moist shady areas. Plants are deciduous, with old leaf bases remaining around the base. Leaves have two or three levels of subdivision into leaflets. Spores are produced in patches (sori) on the veins of the underside Photo 3). We have a single species, the Male Fern. 101-022M 101-024P Shield Fern / Wood FernQ filix-mas Male Fern PellaeaB Pellaea (Cliffbrake genus) See species description locally CliffbrakeG POLYPODIACEAE lobularia lolium lomatium lonicera lotus lunaria lupinus luzula lychnis lycium lycopus lygodesmia lysimachia lythrum machaeranthera madia malcolmia malus malva marrubium marsilea matricaria medicago melica melilotus mentha mentzelia mertensia microseris microsteris mimulus mirabilis mitella moldavica monardella moneses monolepis montia muhlenbergia myosurus myriophyllum najas narcissus nasturtium navarretia nemophila nepeta nicotiana oenothera onobrychis onopordum opuntia orobanche orogenia orthocarpus oryzopsis osmorhiza oxalis oxyria oxytropis pachistima panicum papaver parietaria parnassia parthenocissus pastinaca pedicularis pellaea penstemon perideridia perityle petradoria petrophytum phacelia phalaris phleum phlox phoradendron phragmites physalis physaria physocarpus picea pinus plagiobothrys plantago plectritis polanisia polemonium polygonum polypodium stellaria streptanthus streptopus suaeda swertia symphoricarpos taraxacum clarkia claytonia clematis cleome collinsia collomia comandra conium conringia convolvulus conyza corallorhiza cordylanthus corispermum cornus corydalis cowania crataegus crepis cressa cryptantha cryptogramma cuscuta cymopterus cynodon cynoglossum cyperus cypripedium cystopteris dactylis dactyloctenium danthonia datura daucus delphinium lobularia@ lycopus mertensia@ polypogon@ sorghum@ thelypodium gilia glaux glechoma glyceria glycyrrhiza gnaphalium goodyera grindelia habenaria hackelia halogeton haplopappus hedera hedysarum helenium helianthella helianthus heliotropium heracleum hesperis heterotheca heuchera hibiscus hieracium hippuris holcus holodiscus holosteum hordeum humulus hutchinsia hydrophyllum hymenoxys hyoscyamus hypericum iliamna isatis isoetes ivesia jamesia juncus juniperus kalmia kochia koeleria lactuca lamium lappula lapsana larix lathyrus layia ledum leersia lemna leonurus lepidium leptochloa leptodactylon lesquerella leucelene leucopoa lewisia ligusticum limosella linanthus linaria linnaea linum listera lithophragma lithospermum lloydia polypogon polystichum populus portulaca potamogeton potentilla primula prunella prunus pseudotsuga psilocarphus psoralea pteridium puccinellia purshia pyrola quercus ranunculus raphanus rhamnus ribes robinia rorippa rubia rubus rudbeckia rumex ruppia sagina sagittaria salicornia salix salsola salvia sambucus sanguisorba saponaria sarcobatus saxifraga scirpus sclerochloa scrophularia secale sedum selaginella senecio sesuvium setaria shepherdia sibbaldia sidalcea silene sisymbrium sisyrinchium sitanion smelowskia smilacina solanum solidago sonchus sorbus sonchus sporobulus stachys stellaria stipa streptanthus streptopus suaeda swertia symphoricarpos taraxacum cass@ host@ torr@ 1-10@ 1-many@ 1964@ 2-numerous 2-several@ 3-10@ 3-toothed@ 4-chambered 5-10@ abortion about@ acute@ acutish adherent alkaline@ alopecurus foxtail genus alternate alternating@ among angelica@ annual annual perennial herbs shrubs leaves alternate usually annual perennial herbs stems triangular terete usually annual perennial taprooted herbs rarely subshrubs@ annual perennial taprooted herbs herbage usually hairy perennial taprooted herbs herbage usually hairy annual perennial herbs rarely small shrubs leaves simp@ berry@ bisexual@ black@ hous@ astragalus athyrium atriplex avena azolla bahia balsamorhiza barbarea bassia beckmannia bellis berberis berula betula bidens boisduvalia borago botrychium brassica brickellia bromus calamagrostis callitriche calochortus caltha calystegia camassia camelina camissonia campanula cannabis capsella cardamine cardaria carduus carex carum castilleja catabrosa ceanothus celtis cenchrus centaurea centaurium centranthus cerastium ceratophyllum cercocarpus chaenactis chamomilla cheilanthes chenopodium chimaphila chloris chlorocrambe chorispora chrysanthemum chrysothamnus cichorium cicuta cinna circaea cirsium sorghum sparganium spartina spergularia sphaeralcea sphaeromeria spiranthes spirodela sporobolus stachys stellaria stipa streptanthus streptopus suaeda swertia symphoricarpos synthyris tamarix taraxacum tetradymia thalictrum thelypodium thlaspi townsendia tragopogon tribulus trifolium triglochin trisetum triteleia triticum typha ulmus urtica vaccaria vaccinium valeriana veratrum verbascum verbena veronica vicia viguiera vinca viola wolffia woodsia wyethia xanthium xanthocephalum zannichellia zigadenus Pickleweed, Samphire, or Glasswort occurs worldwide in saline habitats. There are 13 species recognized, but more study is needed. They are among the most salt-tolerant plants known, growing closest to the water near briny lakes. As one moves away from the lake itself, plants of decreasing tolerance make their appearance. Stems are very succulent, made up of little cylindrical joints full of salt water. Leaves are tiny triangular wedges, barely visible at the junctions between joint. FlowB ers are in small groups, carried in spikes. They are actually sunken into the flehy stem. We have two species, the widespread annual Marshfire Pickleweed and the perennial Utah Pickleweed which grows in Utah and Death Valley, California. sed, short-hairy, enclosed above the pistillate; staminate flowers ebracteate, the calyx minute, membranous, and 3-5-parted, the stamens 3-5; each pistillate flower subtended by 2 bracts, these free or fused to some degree, the margins entire or toothed to lobed and the dorsal surface smooth or variously appendaged, a calyx lacking or occasionally present and similar to that of the staminate flowers (the pistillate bracts then lacking), the ovary ovoid, subglobose, the style 2-cleft to the base or nearly so. UtriclC e compressed, vertical when enclosed by 2 bracts and horizontal when subtended by a calyx, the pericarp of the dried fruit membranous and usually free from the seed; seeds dimorphic or polymorphic in several annual species. SaltbushG CHENOPODIACEAE 078-033P SaltbushQNargentea canescens confertifolia gardneri heterosperma hortensis patula rosea to form a small sinus, the upper pair prolonged within the spur; stamens numerous; pistils 3 (1-5). Fruit of erect to widely spreading follicles, seeds numerous. Species of Delphinium cause more cattle losses in Utah than any other poisonous plant; sheep and horses, however, are rarely affected (Stoddart et al. 1949). The annual garden larkspur, D. ajacis L., a native of Europe, sometimes persists in abandoned gardens or escapes to nearby fields. LarkspurG RANUNCULACEAE thills to the subalpine, the other is a tall perennial that occurs only in the 004-010M 028-029N 037-006P LarkspurQ nuttallianum occidentale The Goosefoot family (literal translation of Chenopodium) is a large one, with 150 species in temperate regions. It is named for the fancied resemblance of some leaves to a goose's foot: not a bad resemblance compared with many such names. Leaves vary from succulent to average thin and broad. Unlike the large Saltbush genus, flowers are almost always bisexual. Petals are lacking, but 5 (sometimes 2) calyx segments fold around to enclose the seed. Seeds are often somewhat flattened spheres , squashed from above; however, they can also be squashed the other way like many of those in the Saltbush genus. Three of our 8 species are derived from Eurasia, the rest are native with some being at home anywhere in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The genus is notoriously difficult for even the experts. This has resulted in several name changes between the present edition and the one being prepared by Arnow. rea. That is flat to rounded, papillo 067-016M 067-017P AspidotisQ densa Pod Fern Dense Lace Fern E HalogetonG CHENOPODIACEAE Halogeton is one of three species from Asia, plants that thrive in a somewhat salty desert habitat. They are annuals with small succulent leaves, spine-tipped. They contain oxalates, chemiscals that can be toxic. 078-036M 078-037N 079-016P HalogetonQ glomeratus Halogeton KochiaB Kochia (Summer Cypress genus) Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs, stems erect, herbage conspicuously hairy to glabrate. Leaves alternate or opposite, linear, thin and flat or fleshy and terete, entire, often with clusters of secondary leaves in the axils of the primary ones. Flowers bisexual or pistillate, sessile, solitary or in small axillary clusters; calyx 5-lobed, enclosing the fruit, the lobes winged or otherwise appendaged at fruiting; stamens (3-4) 5; styles 2 (3)-cleft toBG the base or nearly so. Utricle horizontal, dorsiventrally compressed. valves variable variably variation variousu variouslyP varying] vascular vegetative vegetatively veined veinsE velvetgrass ventralj ventrally vertical verticallyl vestigial[ vetch vicia vicia vetch genus viguiera viguiera goldeneye genus vincaW vinca periwinkle myrtle genusW vinelike vines violet Alkali Weeds are a small genus, very different from the typical members of the Morning Glory family. They are subshrubs, white hairy. Stems are not twining. Flowers occur in the upper leaf junctions, on one side of the stem. 099-030M 099-031N 100-009P Alkali WeedQ truxillensis Alkali Weed CornusB Cornus (Dogwood genus) See species description locally DogwoodG CORNACEAE Alkali WeedG CONVOLVULACEAE Alkali Weeds are a small genus, very different from the typical members of the Morning Glory family. They are subshrubs, white hairy. Stems are not twining. Flowers occur in the upper leaf junctions, on one side of the stem. athyrium athyrium genus atriplex atriplex saltbush genus attached attachment atypical auricledv and the dorsal surface smooth or variously appendaged, a calyx lacking or occasionally present and similar to that of the staminate flowers (the pistillate bracts then lacking), the ovary ovoid, subglobose, the style 2-cleft to the base or nearly so. Utricle compressed, vertical when enc The Stonecrop genus is very large, with 450 species. Many of them are small plants with succulent leaves. There is usually a basal rosette, plus leaves along the stems. The stem leaves lack stalks, and are most frequently alternate. One of our local species, however, has opposite leaves. Flowers have 4-5 sepals and 4-5 petals, usually appearing star-shaped. Typical colors are yellow, orange, or white. There are 2 stamens per petal. Seeds are contained in little capsule which split along oB ne side. We have 2 native yellow-flowered species, and a white-flowered species which has become well established in several places. 005-001M 010-032N 060-002P StonecropQ2debile lanceolatum album rhodanthum anglicum RHOpposite Stonecrop Lanceleaf Stonecrop Common Stonecrop White Stonecrop EchinocystisB T. & G. o the base or nearly so. Utricle compressed, vertical when enc subherbaceous^ submergedC subobsolete subopposite suborbicularR subplumose` subrhizomatousz subsalverform subscaposeL subsessileV subshrubsB subshrubs shrubs small trees deciduous evergreen erect subtendedE subtending[ subtending[ parish's parish's spikerush parnassia parrotbeak parrotbeak lousewort parry` parry arnica` parry goldenweedu parry parry'su parry's goldenrodu parry's primrose parsleyP parsley parsnipN patata patience patience peach peach-leaf peach-leaf willow peachleaf peachleaf willow pearlwort pearly\ pearly everlasting\ peavine pennycress penstemon pepper peppergrass peppermint pepperplant pepperweed pepperwort peregrineq peregrine daisyq perennial perennial sweetpea periwinkle perplexing perplexing persian persian speedwell petty petty spurge phacelia pheasant's pheasant's phlox pickleweed P FlatsedgeQ esculentus erythrorhizos perigynium is a modified b amphibium aviculare convolvulus cuspidatum douglasii kelloggii lapathifolium minimum persicaria ramosissimum viviparum bistortoides KWater Lady's Thumb Water Smartweed Prostrate Knotweed Devil's Shoestrings Chivalry Grass Dishwater Grass Black Bindweed Dullseed Cornbind Japanese Knotweed Fleece Flower Douglas Knotweed Kellogg Knotweed Pale Smartweed Willow-weed Broadleaf Knotweed Spotted Lady's Thumb Heart's-ease Bushy Knotweed Alpine Bistort American Bistort RumexB entirelyP enveloped ephemeral epigynousB epilobium epilobium willowherb willow-weed genus epipactis epipactis helleborine genus equalW equally equisetum equisetum horsetail scouring genus equitant eragrostis eragrostis lovegrass genus erectE directly disagreementu disarticulating discA disc-lined disc-shaped discoid disporum disposed dissectedL distance distichlis distinctG distinction distinctlyC distributed ditchgrass divergent dividedB documented dorsally dorsiventrally doubleA driedp drooping ract unique to the genus Carex. The margins of the bract are fused to form the saclike perigynium and in some species the line of fusion (dorsal suture) is visible near the apex of the dorsal aspect of the perigynium. Perigynia measurements as given in the keys include the beak. Species descriptions for this large genus are omitted as explained in the preface. Those interested in definitive treatments of Carex as it occurs in Utah or in the Intermountain Region may refer to Lewis (1958), HE,ermann (1970), and Cronquist et al. (1977). SedgeG CYPERACEAE all opening at its summit, falling with the mature achene and appearing to form the outer portion of the fruit. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled in accordance with the number of the stigmas. The perigynium is a modified br Navarretia is a small genus with about 30 species of small prickly annual herbs, mostly in the western U.S., plus two species in South America. Many including ours are prostrate and many-branched. Leaves are lobed featherwise, and the lobes may again be divided, with sharp prickles. Flowers are typically 5-parted, in clusters with spine-tipped bracts and calyx lobes. Corolla is usually a small narrow trumpet with 5 lobes. We have only the yellow-flowered N. breweri, although the blue-floB1wered N. intertexta occurs in the close vicinity. 094-005M 094-006N 094-009P NavarretiaQ breweri intertexta Pincushion Plant PhloxB cornaceae crassulaceae cucurbitaceae cupressaceae cuscutaceae cyperaceae dipsacaceae elaeagnaceae equisetaceae ericaceae euphorbiaceae fabaceae fagaceae frankeniaceae fumariaceae gentianaceae geraniaceae grossulariaceae haloragaceae hippuridaceae hydrocharitaceae hydrophyllaceae hypericaceae iridaceae isoetaceae juncaceae juncaginaceae lamiaceae leguminosae lemnaceae liliaceae limnanthaceae linaceae loasaceae lythraceae malvaceae marsileaceae najadaceae nyctaginaceae onagraceae ophioglossaceae orchidaceae orobanchaceae oxalidaceae polygonaceae portulacaceae primulaceae Carex is a huge genus of about 2000 species worldwide. Members have single-sexed flowers in spikelets, the separate sexes being present on the same or on different plants. They also have the characteristic 3-sided stems of the family. Seeds are grainlike, covered by a specialized structure formed from bracts. Differences among species depend on microscopic examination. Individual descriptions will not be given. Those needing more information should consult Volume 6 of "Intermountain FloraBV" by Cronquist et al., which includes superb line drawings to illustrate all species. 075-016M 075-014N 071-002P Sedge r firm beaklike structure with the style or the 2 or 3 stigmas exserted through a small opening at its summit, falling with the mature achene and appearing to form the outer portion of the fruit. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled in accordance with the number of the stigmas. The perigynium is a modified b Buffaloberry is restricted to North America. All 3 species occur in Utah. They are shrubs, sometimes thorny. Male and female flowers are carried on separate plants. As is typical of the famaily, flowers are small and lack petals; sepals are sometimes colored, though. Fruits are fleshy drupes (cherry-like), but bitter. Mixed with sugar, buffalo meat, etc, they have been used for food. Canada Buffaloberry (Soapberry) is known to be present here, in the mountains. It is native across the nor thern U.S. and Canada. Leaves are green, rather than the common silvery color. Silver Buffaloberry is being added to our list in the new edition of Arnow's book. Silvery leaves Roundleaf Buffaloberry occurs to the south, common in places like Capitol Reef. BuffaloberryQ canadensis rotundifolia There are just 10 species in the Laurel genus, mostly of eastern North America. They include handsome shrubs such as the American Laurel, and the diminutive Swamp Laurel which occurs in our range. Flowers are much more open and showy than in most of the family. 066-002P LaurelQ polifolia Swamp Laurel Bog Laurel LedumB Ledum (Labrador Tea genus) See species description locally Labrador TeaG ERICACEAE Labrador Tea is a small genus of 2 or 3 shrub species in the Northern Hemisphere. They are evergreens, usually hairy. Flowers have 5 sepals fused ino a ring; petals are mostly free and spreading. We have a single species, the Western Labrador Tea. xand the buildup in their tissues gives the plants some protection from herbivores. Plants of this type frequently have a distinctive odor. Many Astragalus have no toxins, and are excellent forage plants - hence "Milkvetch". Two of our more distinctive species are the diminutive Kentrophyta and the spectacular Utah Milkvetch. Outside our range is the Great Rushy Milkvetch. 066-020M 023-016N 024-029P Locoweed / Milkvetch utahensis cicer eurekensis mollissimus lonchocarpus lentiginosus desperatus praelongus episcopus serpens newberryi whitneyi cymboides asclepiadoides rafaelensis preussii coltonii flavus gate, SpartinaB Schreb. Spartina (Cordgrass genus) See species description locally E CordgrassG POACEAE AqCordgrasses constitute a small genus of spreading grasses, with 16 species, half of which are native to the U.S. P CordgrassQ gracilis Alkali Cordgrass SporobolusB R. Br. ellipsoida ellipticl elodea elongateC elongated elongatingL elymus elymus wildrye genus elysitanion emended[ emergentC emerging emphasisq enclosed enclosing[ endocarp enlarged flowers or, if both in the same spike, the staminate flowers terminal and the spikes androgynous, or the pistillate flowers terminal and the spikes gynaecandrous; perianth lacking; staminate flowers of (2)3 stamens subtended by a staminate scale; pistill Melicgrass OniongrassG POACEAE AyOniongrass is a moderate-sized genus with 60 species in temperate regions. They are clump-forming, or spread by runners. Melicgrass / OniongrassQ bulbosa spectabilis Oniongrass Purple Oniongrass MuhlenbergiaB Schreb. Muhlenbergia (Muhlygrass genus) Annuals to tufted or rhizomatous perennials, the rhizomes often covered with closely overlapping scales; stems simple or sparingly to freely branched. Leaf sheaths open, ligules membranous, auricles lacking. Inflorescence ar open or contracted to spikelike panicle; spikelets 1-flowered (sometimes 2-flowered in M. asperifolia), disarticulating above the glumes; glumes thin (ours) mostly subequal, shorter to occasionally slightly longer than the lemma, ke stems sterile@ stipules@ structure@ stylopodium@ subherbaceous@ subterete@ symmetrical@ terete@ terminating@ that@ their@ this@ tipped together toothed@ trailing@ tuberculate@ tufts under unequally@ united usda@ usually utricle valves@ veratrum@ visible@ well-developed@ white-woolly@ windflower with@ withering within@ year@ barnyard grass@ bower buffaloberry@ chamomile chickweed@ dropseed@ fritillary@ goosefoot greasewood@ jacob's labrador@ ragweed@ sage@ sweet cicely sweetroot@ tickweed@ aizoaceae@ cornaceae@ papaveraceae@ primulaceae staminalX staminateE staminodal staminode staminodes star-shaped starwort statesX stellaria stellaria starwort chickweed genus stellate stemZ stem-clasping stemsG loosestrife lousewort lovage lovegrass lover lupine mahogany maideni maidenhair maidenhair malcolmia mallow mannagrass manzanita maple mare's mare's marigold mariposa mariposa marsh marsh marigold matchweed mayweed meadowrue medick melicgrass melicgrass oniongrass merlin's milkvetch rweed pepperweed periwinkleW periwinkle myrtleW pickleweed pickleweed samphire glasswort pigweed plantainC poisonK poison hemlockK popcorn popcorn flower povertyweed prickly prickly puccoon purslaneB pussytoes quillwort rabbitbrush radish ragweed resinweed rockcress sagebrusha sagebrush wormwooda salsify saltbush samphire sandspurry sandwort scorpionweed scorzonella scouring Hitchcock et al. (1959) base their separation on the consistently 4-merous condition in Frasera and on a difference in basic chromosome numbers: 13 in Frasera and 9, 12, and 14 in Swertia. R E JunegrassG POACEAE AaJunegrasses are a small genus of the Northern Hemisphere. Our only species is a native perennial. Junegrass Q macrantha Junegrass LeersiaB Leersia See species description locally CutgrassG POACEAE Leersia or Cutgrass is a member of the Rice subfamily of grasses, and inhabit wet areas. They are perennials, spreading by underground runners. Leaves have backward-pointing sawtooth spines, which can easily cut hands. CutgrassQ oryzoides Rice Cutgrass LeptochloaB Beauv. about about species reedgrass described about species ivesia native western about species north temperate regions hemispheresO about species western america members lettuce about species clover recognized mainly about species alkali-grass genus resident about species mannagrass occur northern hemisph about species biennial herbs culinarry abovei absents absinthea absolutely abundantP abuse acacia acanthicarpa[ acaulisu accept accident according accountsW accumulate accurately acerA achene achenes actively xfloret, rounded to keeled on the back, (1)3-5-nerved, acute at the apex; lemmas rounded on the back, long-hairy on the margins and often over the back, obscurely nerved, bifid at the apex, a stout, flat, twisted, and more or less bent awn arising between or just below the base of the acute to long-tapered lobes, the callus well developed and hairy; anthers often vestigial. ly to strongly reflexed, glabrous to variously hairy on the back, the wings typically lightly fused at their tips and thus more or less enclosing the keel, the keel tapered toward the tip and curved to nearly straight; stamens 10, monadelphous, dimorphic: 5 filaments short with large basifixed anthers and 5 filaments long with small versatile anthers. Legume pubescent, laterally flattened, often slightly constricted between the 2-12 seeds. Lupine Our perennial species of Lupinus are poisonous to sheep when consumed in large quantities (USDA 1968). The annual L. pusillus Pursh, with racemes to 17 cm long, is reported from Salt Lake County by Welsh (1978a), but we have seen no specimens from other than western and southern Utah. FABACEAE Legume usually oblong and laterally flattened, 1-chambered; seeds 2 or more. The f Corydalis (Scrambled Eggs genus) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs from fleshy roots or rhizomes; stems simple or branched, often hollow; herbage glabrous and usually glaucous. Leaves alternate, bipinnately to tripinnately compound. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical, short-pedicelled in terminal and axillary, bracteate racemes or panicles; sepals 2, membranous and bractlike, erect, usually deciduous at flowering; petals 4, yellow or white to pinkish, the outer 2 more or less fused bel ow with the upper one broader than the lower and spurred, both erect or nearly so, keeled, and somewhat expanded to winged at the apex, the inner 2 erect, expanded and fused at the apex, clawed at the base; stamens 6, in sets of 3; style elongate, the stigma 2-lobed or longitudinally flattened and oblong. Capsule cylindric to ellipsoid or obovold, 2-valved; seeds round or nearly so, moderately compressed to plump, shiny, brown or black. along a single suture, r Cfarely circumscissile, globose to elongate, commonly remaining within the persistent calyx; seeds 1-4. CloverG FABACEAE About 240 species of Clover are recognized. They are mainly of temperate climates in Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. Despite the name "trifolium", and popular legend, not all clovers have 3 leaves, though most do. Some species have 5 or even 9 leaflets in the palmate (hand-type) arrangements. They are annual or perennial herbs. Flowers are typically tiny, clustered in dense heads. The petals stay around after fertilization, creating a sheath for the little pod. Several species are impoB rtant forage crops, and also replenish nitrogen in the soil by way of the bacteria in their root nodules. We have 6 species, a mixture of native and introduced. axilsE axisP azolla azolla waterfern mosquito genus backC backs balloons balsamrootc balsomorhizac balsomorhiza balsamroot genusc bands baneberry banner barbarea barbarea wintercress genus barbed] barberry barely barkF barley barnyard barredz basalC GENTIANACEAEK CentauryQ exaltatum R&Exalted Centaury Great Basin Centaury GentianaB Gentiana (Gentian genus) See species description locally GentianG GENTIANACEAEK GentianQ affinis calycosa Rocky Mountain Pleated Gentian GentianellaB Moench Gentianella See species description locally Little GentianG GENTIANACEAEK Little GentianQ amarella R Little Gentian Northern Gentian SwertiaB Centaurytion locally Centaury ss fused bel andersonu androgynous androsace androsace jasmine genus anemone anemone windflower genus , minute, flat to subglobose. Fruit a glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular, spiny, or bristly berry, usually crowned with the persistent floral parts; seeds numerous. The genus Ribes is often included in the family Saxifragaceae. Currant GooseberryG GROSSULARIACEAEK Currant / GooseberryQJaureum cereum hudsonianum inerme lacustre montigenum viscosissimum wolfii Golden Currant Lewis's Currant Wax Currant Squaw Currant Wild Black Currant Northern Black Currant Whitestem Gooseberry Black Prickly Currant Swamp Black Gooseberry Gooseberry Currant Alpine Prickly Currant Sticky Currant Wolf's Currant Rothrock's Currant MyriophyllumB Myriophyllum See species description locally E WaterleafG HYDROPHYLLACEAEK +P WaterleafQ capitatum occidentale R8Ballhead Waterleaf Capitate Waterleaf Western Waterleaf A NemophilaB Nutt. Nemophila See species description locally E NemophilaG HYDROPHYLLACEAEK +P NemophilaQ breviflora R Woodlove PhaceliaB Phacelia (Scorpionweed genus) Annual to perennial, taprooted herbs; herbage usually hairy to some degree, often glandular. Leaves alternate throughout or the lowermost sometimes opposite, entire to pinnately compound. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, borne in what appear to be globose clusters but actually distributed along coiled axes, these elongating in age, the inflorescence then appearing racemose or paniculate; calyx lobed nearly to the base, the lobes sometimes unequal, often accrescent HYDROPHYLLACEAEP WaterleafQ capitatum occidentale the stigmas 2 001-023M 131-022N 125d-22P BeardtongueQ cyananthus humilis leonardii montanus platyphyllus procerus rydbergii whippleanus ambiguus eatonii palmeri strictus confusus utahensis Wasatch Penstemon Blue Beardtongue Low Penstemon Leonard's Penstemon Cordroot Penstemon Broadleaf Penstemon Littleflower Penstemon Small-flower Penstemon Rydberg's Penstemon Whipple's Penstemon Palmer's Penstemon Scrophularia B Scrophularia (Figwort genus) See species description locally FigwortG SCROPHULARIACEAE 001-023P BeardtongueQ cyananthus humilis leonardii montanus platyphyllus procerus rydbergii whippleanus ambiguus eatonii palmeri strictus confusus utahensis john's johnson johnson grass johnswort jointed jointed charlock jointed goatgrass jones jones reedgrass jones's jones's sedge junegrass juniper juniper mistletoe jupiter jupiter buttercup kellogg kellogg knotweed kellogg's kellogg's sedge kentrophyta kentucky kentucky bluegrass king's king's aster king's king's ivesia king's lupine king's sandwort king's tansyaster king's yellow-flax kinnikinnick kitchenweed kittentails klamath klamath knapweedh knotweed kobresia kobresia sedge labrador laceM lanceleaf phacelia lanceleaf rockcress lanceleaf stonecrop lanszwert's lanszwert's sweetpea larch large large collomia large-valve large-valve species phlox brightly colored flowers many-branched manzanitas manzanitas especially abundant california where mapleA marbles march| margin margins marigolde marihuana maritima markedly` markings marsh marshesx marshfire massed masses massive mat-forming matchweed matchweeds t on the upper portion. E LousewortG SCROPHULARIACEAE Owl CloverG SCROPHULARIACEAE spidus Nodding Brome Rattlesnake Chess Mountain Brome Fringed Brome Ripgut Brome Soft Chess Smooth or Hungarian Brome Japanese or Hairy Chess Poverty Brome Cheatgrass Broncograss Columbia Brome CalamagrostisB Adans. Calamagrostis (Reedgrass genus) Moderately tall, often rhizomatous perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat to inrolled; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to spikelike panicle; spikelets 1(2)-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and (in ours) prolonged behind the palea as a short, often hairy bristle; glumes longer than the floret, subequal, acute to long-tapered, rounded on the back or somewhat keeled, the first usually 1-nerved, the Luzula (Woodrush genus) Perennial herbs; stems slender, hollow, tufted or arising at intervals from rhizomes, in some species stoloniferous. Leaf sheaths closed, the blades flat, often ciliate. Inflorescence ranging from open, lax, and paniculate to compact and spikelike; flowers bisexual, each borne in the axil of a membranous bract and often immediately subtended by a pair of bractlets, the perianth persistent at fruiting, the stamens 6, the ovary 1-chambered, otherwise the flower s Ttructure as for the Family. Capsules 3-valved, 1-chambered, the basal portion of the style occasionally persistent as a minute stylar beak; seeds 3, mostly ellipsoid, smooth or faintly reticulate, apiculate to rounded at the apex, often attached to the ovary by short, white, hairlike fibers, in some species with a fleshy basal appendage. WoodrushG JUNCACEAEK generally terminal and compound, of 1-many variously disposed, essentially cymose clusters, the latter usually subtended by 1-several membranous or leaflike bracts, the lowermost (involucral) bract of the inflorescence ranging from membranous and inconspicuous to leaflike and much longer than the inflorescence, in some species terete, stiffly erect, and appearing to be a continuation of the stem, the inflorescence then apparently lateral; flowers bisexual, few to many per cluster or rarely solitary, each flower sessile or pedicelled in the axil of a usually membranous bract, the perianth in some species immediately subtended by 2(3) membranous bractlets; perianth persistent at fruiting, the 6 segments in 2 subequal series, the inner generally the shorter, otherwise the flower structure as for the family. Capsules 3-valved, 1- or 3-chambered, the basal portion of the style often persistent as a minute stylar beak; seeds numerous, ellipsoid to fusiform, minutely reticulate, o lobularia@ annual perennial taprooted herbs usually milky juice@ branched@ drupe@ imbricate@ perennial@ perennial scapose herbs rhizomes bearing fleshy fibrous@ racemose@ rarely@ stems@ lovage@ attracting@ deal@ everlasting@ fell@ inches@ levisticum@ male@ species@ sweet-cicely@ horsebrush genus about species drier parsnip genus native eurasia where there about@ wintercress genus species range plants twigs@ beckwithii@ subulata@ great basin centaury@ smotherweed@ Redtop BentgrassG POACEAE Bentgrass is a large genus of 100 species, occurring from the subactic to the tropics (at high elevations. About 40 species are native to the U.S., four of them locally plus the introduced Creeping Bentgrass. Local species include high altitude grasses of the alpine region. Redtop / BentgrassQ1exarata humilis hyemalis stolonifera thurberiana RZSpike Redtop Alpine Redtop Ticklegrass Redtop Bentgrass Creeping Bentgrass Thurber Redtop AlopecurusB maritimus parviflorus Alkali Birdsbeak Limosella B Limosella (Mudwort genus) See species description locally MudwortG SCROPHULARIACEAE There are about 12 species of Mudwort occurring around the world. They are small annuals or perennials growing next to water, often submerged. We have a single species MudwortQ aquatica Water Mudwort Linaria B Mill. the valleys (Photo 1). Another is quite common in the Kolob area of Zion National Park (Photo 2). 094-013M 045-008P Birdsbeak irdsbeak sessileV sesuviumB sesuvium seapurslane genusB setaria setaria bristlegrass genus setsp settling severalW several-flowered several-nerved several-seeded sexes shaden shallowly] shape shaped sharp sharply R(Cloverhead Horsemint Stinking Horsemint NepetaB Nepeta See species description locally Cat MintG LAMIACEAEP Cat MintQ cataria Catnip PrunellaB Prunella (Selfheal genus) See species description locally SelfhealG LAMIACEAEP SelfhealQ vulgaris Common Selfheal Heal-all SalviaB Salvia (Sage genus) See species description locally SageG LAMIACEAEP SageQ*sclarea azurea? lyrata? aethiopis dorrii Clear-eye Clary Sage Clary StachysB Stachys See species description locally lycopus water horehound bugleweed genus lygodesmia lygodesmia skeletonweed genus lysimachia lythrum lythrum loosestrife genus machaeranthera machaeranthera tansyaster genus madia madia tarweed genus mahogany maideni maidenhair majorj malcolmia mallow malodorous malus malus apple genus malva malva mallow genus mannagrass manyB many-barbed many-flowered many-rayed many-seeded manzanita mapleA margin marginalG marginally} margined LeonurusB MotherwortG LAMIACEAE LycopusB LAMIACEAE LycopusB LycopusB o many per cluster or rarely solitary, each flower se The Woodland Stars are a small genus of 9 species, endemic to (occurring only in) western North America. They are perennial herbs growing from roots that have tiny bulbs attached. These are important for survival in times of environmental stress. One of our species also has them growing at leaf junctions and elsewhere along the stem (Photo 2). Leaves are both basal and on the stem, with deep lobes. Flowers are 5-parted, occasionally less, carried in a loose cluster at the top of flowering stems. Petals are white, often deeply divided, giving the flowers a delicate starry appearance. We have 3 species. Slender Woodland Star is known only from the foothills in our area, while the others (Fringecup Woodland Star and Smallflower Woodland Star) frequently grow together in the foothills and midmontane areas. Upper part of road in City Creek Canyon is a good place to find them, although they are quite common elsewhere. Woodland Stars illustrate the difficulties that arise with rregularly angled. Species of Zigadenus (occasionally spelled Zygadenus) are among the most toxic plants in the western U.S. Although poisonous to all animals, only sheep are affected on open range (Stoddart et al. 1949). Except during the settling of the West, cases of human poisoning from Zigadenus have been relatively rare. In 1979, however, three persons were treated at the Poison Control Center, Salt Lake County, following ingestion of some portion of the root of Z. paniculatus. Death CamasG LILIACEAEP Death CamasQ elegans paniculatus venenosus RfMountain Death Camas Elegant Death Camas Foothill Death Camas Meadow Death Camas Watson's Death Camas FloerkeaB Willd. Floerkea See species description locally Floerkea compressedC compressed-globose compressed-quadranguc concave concealed concentric condition cone-shaped^ coneflower cones confinedL confluentL congested something someties sometime sometimesG somewhatV soonX sooner sorghum sorghum about species perennials native sorrel sounds source sourness southK southernO southwestc southwestern tone-fruitsG ROSACEAE y, convex receptacle, the whole often surrounded by the erect, accrescent sepals. FritillariaB Fritillaria (Fritillary genus) Perennial herbs with slender scapes or unbranched leafy stems, arising from bulbs consisting of several fleshy scales, and usually with numerous small offset bulblets. Leaves alternate or whorled, sessile, linear to narrowly elongate. Flowers showy, bisexual, ebracteate, solitary and terminal or 2-several on recurved peduncles; perianth bell-shaped, the 6 free segments in two series, usually spreading but not recurved; stamens 6, arising from the receptasisting of several fleshy scales, and usually with numerous small offset bulblets. Leaves alternate or whorled, sessile, linear to narrowly elongate. Flowers showy, bisexual, ebracteate, solitary and terminal or 2-several on recurved peduncles; perianth bell-shaped, the 6 free segments in two series, usually spreading but not recurved; stamens 6, arising from the recepta or Dogtooth Violet genus) See species description locally Z species description locally CinquefoilG ROSACEAE The Cinquefoil genus (pronounced "sinkfoil" for 'five leaves') is very large and complicated, with 250-500 species in north temperate areas. Research, using modern methods to probe relationships, has shown that it "must be" divided into smaller units. Click "Summary Table" for an overview. The typical Cinquefoil is a herb with alternate leaves that are compound, either palmately like a lupine, or pinnately like a pea. Flowers are easily mistaken for Buttercups and vice-versa: five sepals Blazing StarG LOASACEAEP Blazing StarQ-albicaulis dispersa laevicaulis pterosperma? RaWhitestem Blazing Star Chinese Blazing Star Entire Mentzelia Blazing Star Beautiful Blazing Star LythrumB Lythrum (Loosestrife genus) See species description locally LoosestrifeG LYTHRACEAEP LoosestrifeQ salicaria Purple Loosestrife AlthaeaB Althaea (Hollhock genus) See species description locally E HollyhockG MALVACEAEP HollyhockQ rosea Common Hollyhock HibiscusB Hibiscus (Rose Mallow genus) See species description locally calystegia calyxB camas camassia camassia camas genus camelina camelina false genus camissonia campanula campanula harebell bellflower genus campion canary cancer-root cannabis cannabis genus cannot caplike capsella capsuleB Zigadenus (Death Camas genus) Perennial herbs from onionlike bulbs (ours) or rhizomes; stems simple, leafy near the base, herbage glabrous. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, often glaucous. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, in terminal bracteate racemes or panicles; perianth white to greenish- or yellowish-white, saucer-shaped to bell-shaped, persistent, the 6 segments free or fused to the lower part of the ovary, in two similar series, lanceolate to ovate or obovate, often greenish and more or less clawed at the base with 1 or 2 yellow to green glands near the base of the limb; stamens 6, the filaments often basally dilated, the anthers basifixed, broader than long, cordate at the base, the pollen sacs confluent, opening across the rounded apex and on the sides, often appearing peltate after dehiscence; ovary superior to one-third inferior, 3-chambered, the styles 3, persistent, the stigmas minute and entire to obscurely lobed. Capsules 3-lobed; seeds numerous, smooth, i Sidalcea (Checkermallow genus) Annual or perennial herbs, herbage usually stellate to some degree. Leaves frequently palmately lobed. Flowers sometimes unisexual in part, borne in loose or spikelike racemes; calyx 5-lobed, sometimes subtended by a solitary bractlet; petals 5, white or pink to lavender-purple, conspicuously ciliate on the claws, usually erose to deeply notched; stamens numerous, arising from the pubescent staminal tube in groups, the anthers of pistillate flowers steriB le or rudimentary; styles 5-10, the stigmas linear. Schizocarp ultimately separating into 5-10 mericarps, each 1-seeded, often short- beaked. CheckermallowG MALVACEAEP CheckermallowQ'neomexicana oregana candida malviflora RCNew Mexico Checkermallow Oregon Checkermallow White Checker Mallow SphaeralceaB St. Hill OASACEAEP Blazing Star ooth, i !RxFlat-topped Cancerroot Corymbose Cancerroot Clustered Broomrape Clustered Cancerroot Cancer-root One-flower Cancer-root OxalisB Oxalis (Woodsorrel genus) See species description locally WoodsorrelG OXALIDACEAE Woodsorrel is a large worlwide genus of herbs (800 species), most frequent in warmer regions. Leaves are typically clover-like, the three leaflets folding down their midribs at night. Flowers are 5-petalled, most commonly yellow, white, pinkish or violet. A few are used as ornamentals. WoodsorrelQ corniculata Creeping Woodsorrel ArgemoneB Argemone (Prickly Poppy genus) See species description locally Lady's SlipperG ORCHIDACEAE The Lady's Slipper genus contains about 25 species from North America and Eurasia. Unlike the Coralroot orchids they fit the general idea, with relatively big flowers. They are perennial herbs with large leaves. Flowers are one to several in a cluster at the ends of stems. The dramatic feature, which gives the genus it name, is one petal (the "lip") which is inflated into a large slipper-like pouch. We have 2 local species, the Yellow Lady's Slipper which is very rare here (one populatiByon with just a few plants), and the Brown Lady's Slipper which has at least one good-sized population near Lake Blanche. 055-012M 055-007N 090-018P Lady's SlipperQ calecolus fasciculatum RJYellow Lady's Slipper Lady's Slipper Brown Lady's Slipper Purple Slipper A EpipactisB Bog Orchid / Rein OrchidQ7dilatata hyperborea sparsiflora unalascensis zothecina RpWhite Bog Orchid Northern Bog Orchid Canyon Bog Orchid Watson's Bog Orchid Alaska Rein Orchid Alaska Bog Orchid Spike PrimroseQ glabella Smooth Spike Primrose CamissoniaB Camissonia Annual or perennial taprooted herbs or rarely subshrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed to pinnatifid, greatly reduced upward. Flowers generally in spikes or racemes; sepals (3) 4, arising with the petals and stamens at the apex of a floral tube, reflexed at flowering; petals yellow, rose-purple, or white; stamens (4) 8; ovary inferior and 4-chambered, with a globose or depressed-globose stigma. Capsules sessile or pedicelled, cylindric, straight or contorted; seeds in 1B or 2 rows in each of the 4 chambers, usually adhering to the central partition following dehiscence of the valves, lacking tufts of hair. CamissoniaFqRaven (1969) separates Camissonia from Oenothera on the bases of floral biology and anther and stigma morphology.G ONAGRACEAE BoisduvaliaB nakedZ nameu narrowb narrowedZ narrower} narrowlyL nasturtium native naturalu natureq navarretia nearG nearby nearest nearlyC stipulesA stoddart stoloniferous stolons stomata stone-fruit stonecrop stoneseed storksbill stoutG straightC strawberry streptanthus streptanthus twistflower genus streptopus streptopus twisted-stalk genus striatee strictly stronglyG Clarkia has 41 species, almost all limited to western North America. They are annual herbs, growing from a taproot. Leaves are simple, lower ones opposite, while the upper may be alternate. Flowers are usually single in the upper leaf junctions. Sepals and petals are 4, the sepals being folded back at flowering. Petals are colored in reds, blues and violets. Seed capsules are 4-sided. ClarkiaQ rhomboidea R&Rhomboid Clarkia Broad-leaved Clarkia A EpilobiumB our 3 species will now be renamed, restoring generic names from earlier times. Plants are small and rather fleshy parasites, never common so they always come as a surprise. Lacking chlorophyll they are yellow, pink, brown or purple. In normal circumstances they are seen only when flowering. Flowers are tubular with 2 lips divided into 5 lobes, the lobes being uch shorter than the tubular part. Plants are parasitic on a wide raB nge of hosts. Of our 3 species the Clustered and Single-flowered Broomrapes will be included in Aphyllon, while the third will be in Myzorrhiza. Broomrape / Cancer-root ORCHIDACEAE en reproducing vegetatively by means of stolons, rhizomes, underground rosettes of incipient leaves, or from fleshy red bulblike offsets (turions) which persist about the base of the stem of the previous year Leaves opposite or alternate, sessile or petioled, entire or toothed. Flowers bisexua1, radially or weakly bilaterally symmetrical, borne in simple or compound, bracteat e racemes, occasionally solitary in the axils of leaflike bracts; sepals 4, arising with the petals and stamens from the receptacle or from the apex of a floral tube; petals white or pink to rose-purple, often notched to 2-lobed at the apex; stamens 8 in 2 whorls; ovary inferior, the stigma 4-lobed or entire and club-shaped to subglobose. Capsules narrowly subcylindric, sometimes tapered to the apex or club-shaped, terete or 4-angled, 4-chambered, sometimes imperfectly so. Seeds mostly obl alternatingV althaea althaea hollhock genus although alumroot always alyssum amaranthE amaranthusE amaranthus amaranth genusE ambrosia[ ambrosia ragweed genus[ amelanchier amelanchier serviceberry genus americau american among amounts amsinckia amsinckia fiddleneck genus anagallis anagallis pimpernel genus anaphalis\ anaphalis pearly everlasting genus\ anatomyk anchusa coral-like corallorhiza corallorhiza coral genus cordate cordgrass cordylanthus cordylanthus birdsbeak genus corispermum corispermum bugseed genus corkyG corky-wingedG corms a well-developed floral tube, ultimately reflexed; petals 4, yellow or white, often fading to pink, red, or purple, mostly obcordate, not clawed at the base; stamens 8; ovary inferior with a deeply 4-lobed stigma. Capsules membranous toBO woody, straight or partially coiled, 4-chambered; seeds lacking tufts of hair. Evening PrimroseG ONAGRACEAE BotrychiumB Grape FernG OPHIOGLOSSACEAE CorallorhizaB Chat. CynodonB DactylisB DactylocteniumB >A DanthoniaB DeschampsiaB @A DigitariaB DistichlisB EchinochloaB EleusineB ElymusB The Bog or Rein Orchid genus (Habenaria) is a large one (500 species, widespread in temperate to tropical regions) that is being dismantled by modern research, but at the informal level the plants remain recognizably related. Hybridization in some groups makes them especially difficult. A single stem rises up to 2'6", with or without leaves. Along the upper half of the stem are a number of small white or green-white flowers. Flowers vary from 1/5 to 1/2 inch long, but individually not ve ry showy. The overall spikes, especially of the White Bog Orchid, can be quite appealing, though. They are all perennial herbs. We have 4 species: Alaska Rein Orchid has leaves that wither before flowering, and small greenish flowers. It will become Piperia unalascensis. White, Northern and Canyon Bog Orchids have leaves that remain through flowering. The White Bog Orchid is the most common. All three will be included in the genus Platanthera. Bog Orchid / Rein Orchid ColumnsB intergeneric hybrids are more closely related to each other than are many of the Triticeae species traditionally aggregated within a single genus. In attempts to effect a more natural grouping, a number of alternative classifications have been proposed, but none has gained wide acceptance. While fully acknowledging the artificial nature of the boundaries separating the genera listed above, we here follow the traditional treatment. POACEAE Wheatgrasses are a large genus (100 species) of cooler regions in either hemisphere. They are important as native and introduced range grasses, several of them reaching 3 feet or more tall. Quackgrass is an aggressive weed. 080-012M 075-008N 076-011P WheatgrassQfcristatum dasystachyum elongatum intermedium repens scribneri smithii spicatum trachycaulum triticeum species are, in fact, such hybrids. Stebbins and Walters (1949) acknowledge that the parents of these Camissonia has about 60 species, mostly in western North America. They are annual or perennial herbs, with an occasional subshrub. Leaves, when present on the stem, are alternate, but otherwise are only present as basal. Typically they open in the morning and fade the same day, but a few open in the evening. Flowers have sepals that fold back at flowering time. Petals may be showy or small, yellow, or sometimes lavender-purple or white. Only two species were known to enter our range, butB/ several more have been found in recent years. CamissoniaQ7boothii scapoidea tanacetifolium multijuga eastwoodiae R&Booth's Camissonia Scapose Camissonia Circaea B Circaea See species description locally Enchanter's NightshadeG ONAGRACEAE papaveraceae pinaceae plantaginaceae poaceae polemoniaceae polygonaceae polypodiaceae portulacaceae potamogetonaceae primulaceae ls and the upper sepal, the whole forming a hood enclosing the column and much of the lip, the lip basally grooved and partially enclosing the column, with a minute to conspicuous callus on either side at the base, the expanded, often wavy-margined, apical portion spreading or recurved; column short, tipped by the 2-toothed rostellum; anther 1, the pollinia 2. the 2-toothed rostellum; anther 1, the pollinia 2. often wavy-margined, apical portion spreading or recurved; column short, tipped by the 2-toothed rostellum; anther 1, the pollinia 2. Marsilea (Water Clover genus) See species description locally Pepperwort Water CloverG MARSILEACEAEP Pepperwort / Water CloverQ vestita Common Pepperwort Water Clover NajasB Najas (Waternymph genus) See species description locally WaternymphG NAJADACEAEP WaternymphQ guadalupensis Najad Southern Waternymph AbroniaB Juss. Abronia (Sand Verbena genus) See species description locally Sand VerbenaG NYCTAGINACEAEP Sand VerbenaQ fragrans argillosa R,Snowball Sand Verbena Fragrant Sand Verbena A MirabilisB short-awned; lemmas membranous to hardened, 3.5-12 mm long (ours), (3)5-7-nerved, usually obscurely so, distinctly rounded on the back (ours) with the margins usually inrolled at maturity, gradually tapered from near midlength or below to an acute, rarely minutely bifid apex, our species awnless or with an awn to 13 mm long; stamens 3 in the perennial species, 1(3) in the annuals. Caryopsis free or fused with the palea. E LovegrassG POACEAEP Lovegrass PhysocarpusB (Camb.) Maxim. Physocarpus (Ninebark genus) Shrubs, bark exfoliating, herbage pubescent to some degree with fine stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, usually palmately 3-5-lobed; stipules inconspicuous or lacking. Flowers bisexual, in mostly compact racemes or corymbs, more or less densely stellate, floral tube hemispheric to top- or bell-shaped, disc-lined; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the summit of the floral tube; petals 5, white, suborbicular, scarcely exceeding the sepa ls, soon deciduous; stamens 20-40; pistils 1-5, the ovaries superior, sometimes partially fused, each with a slender style and a globose stigma. Fruit of 1-several follicles, atypical in opening on both sutures; seeds (1) 2-5, pear-shaped, hardened, shiny. NinebarkG ROSACEAE NinebarkG ROSACEAE pussytoes] ragweed[ sagebrusha yellowcress lowlands lowland cudweeds lucerne lupine lyall lyall rockcress macoun macoun wildrye macoun's macoun's buttercup madder enhair maidenhair maidenhair spleenwort mallow man's mannagrass manyface manyface groundsel mapleA mapleleaf mapleleaf goosefoot marbles mare's mare's marigolde marijuana mariposa maritime maritime arrowgrass marshb marsh arrowgrass marsh asterb marsh betony marsh buttercup marsh marigold marsh yellowcress marsh-elder marshfire marshfire pickleweed matchweed matvetch mayweed^ mayweed chamomile^ mazama mazama collomia meadowp meadow barley Crested Wheatgrass Fairway Wheatgrass Thickspike Wheatgrass Tall Wheatgrass Intermediate Wheatgrass Quackgrass Scribner Wheatgrass Spreading Wheatgrass Western Wheatgrass Bluestem Bluebunch Wheatgrass Slender Wheatgrass Annual Wheatgrass Agrositanion (X)B Bowden Agrositanion A hybrid genus resulting from crosses between species of Agropyron and Sitanion (Bowden 1967) POACEAE AxThis is a hybrid between Wheatgrass (Agropyron) and Squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix) (Stebbins et al. 1946, Bowden 1967). saundersii saxicola small small alyssum small bedstraw small collomia small popcorn flower small-flower small-flower penstemon small-flowered small-flowered tamarisk small-leafG small-leaf angelicaG small-leaf rockcress small-leavedG small-leaved angelicaG small-seeded small-seeded alfalfa dodder smaller_ smaller burdock_ smallflower smallflower dragonhead smallflower miterwort smallflower woodland smallwing smallwing sedge smartweed smelowskia smilacina smoke smoothA smooth crabgrass smooth daisyq smooth fleabaneq smooth mapleA smooth hungarian brome smooth scouring smooth spike primrose smooth sumacF smooth willowherb smoothpod smoothpod alyssum smoothseed smoothseed skeletonweed ) acknowledge that the parents of these greasewood gromwell groundcherry groundsel groundsmoke gumweed hackberry hairgrass halogeton hardgrass hare's hare's harebell hawksbeard hawkweed hawthorn heath hedgehog hedgehog cactus hedgenettle heliotrope hellebore helleborine hemlockJ henbane heron's heron's holly holly hollyhock holosteum honeysuckle horehound hornwort horsebrush horsemint horsetail hound's hound's tongue huckleberry husktomato hutchinsia hymenoxys hyssop indian indian paintbrush inkweed iodine iodine ivesia jacob's jacob's ladder jamesia jasmine jimson jimson joe-pyer joe-pye weedr john's junegrass juniper kittentails knapweed knotweed notweed knotweed smartweed ). Leaflets are usually split into narow segments (Photo 1). Flowers are in tight clusters at the ends of leafless stems (Photo 2). The 5 petals are yellow or white. Fruits are single-seeded achenes. We have 2 species. Quite common in upper mountains is the Gordon's Ivesia, yellow flowers, upright s items. A rare species, occurring only in the high local Wasatch and Uinta mountains is Utah Ivesia, which has white flowers and sprawling stems. Studies published in 1995 showed that the large Cinquefoil genus (Potentilla) was a mixture of several components that are now separated. But it also showed that Ivesia belonged with the pruned version of Cinquefoil. T. & G. AvensG ROSACEAEP AvensQ1aleppicum macrophyllum rossii triflorum urbanum LIMNANTHACEAEP FloerkeaQ proserpinacoides False Mermaid Linum B Linum (Flax genus) Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually narrow, sessile and entire. Flowers in racemes or panicles of cymes, sepals and petals 5, free, the latter in 2 series, longer than the sepals and soon falling; stamens 5, the filaments often basally fused and forming a short tube, rudimentary staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens and prolonged at the apex of the tube as minute teeth; pistil 2-5-chambered, each chamber subdivided by the intruB sion of a false septum; styles 2-5, free or basally fused. Fruit a capsule, often short-beaked, opening by 10 valves; seeds flat. FlaxF~Linum usitatissimum L. is the flax of commerce, the fabric linen being derived from its fibers and linseed oil from its seeds.G LINACEAEP Smilacina Rhizomatous perennial herbs; stems simple, erect. Leaves entirely cauline, alternate, numerous, sessile or short-petioled, not or scarcely reduced upward. Flowers small, bisexual, borne in a terminal panicle or raceme, the pedicels jointed just below the flowers; perianth white, the 6 free segments in two similar series; stamens 6, arising just above the base of the perianth segments, the filaments slender or dilated, the anthers versatile, dehiscing laterally; ovary superior,Bk 3-chambered, the style short and usually obscurely 3-lobed. Fruit a globose berry; seeds i-6, subglobose. E SmilacinaG LILIACEAEP SmilacinaQ racemosa stellata R>False Solomon Seal Wild Lily-of-the-valley Stellate Smilacina StreptopusB Michx. Streptopus (Twisted-stalk genus) See species description locally HedgenettleG LAMIACEAEP HedgenettleQ palustris officinalis R#Woundwort Hedgenettle Marsh Betony LemnaB Lemna (Duckweed genus) Floating or submerged, colonial, thalloid plants; thalli flat or somewhat inflated, orbicular to oblong in outline, 0-3 (5)-nerved, each with a single root arising from near the center of the green to purple-red lower surface, or occasionally some of the thalli rootless; vegetative buds and rarely flowers borne within lateral reproductive pouches, the plants reproducing chiefly by vegetative means with juvenile thalli emerging from the lateral pouches, these oft W the developing capsule; corolla mostly blue, white, or purple, generally broadly funnelform with no sharp distinction between the tube and throat; stamens arising at about the same level on the corolla tube, the filaments usually unequal in length and often hairy near the base; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid, seeds 1-10 per chamber. Jacob's LadderG POLEMONIACEAE The Jacob's ladder genus has about 20 species, mostly American with a few in Europe. They can be very handsome plants. Foliage is often sticky-haired, and sometimes smelly. Leaves alternate along the stem, each being compounded from many leaflets, or divided into lobes. All but one are perennials. Flowers come in clusters, and most frequently are open blue or white bowls, very pretty. We have 5 species, all of which have managed to retain their names over the past 20 years. es, the inflorescence subtended by scalelike to leaflike bracts; sepals 6, white to cream or yellow, often tinged with pink, red, or purple, in 2 series of 3 each, the outer oblong or oval to obovate, equal to or somewhat wider or shorter than the inner, fused to some degree, rounded to wedge-shaped or tapered and stalk-like at the base; stamens 9, the filaments often long-hairy near the base; styles 3 with subglobose stigmas. Achene 3-angled or rarely lenticular, sometimes winged. Wild BuckwheatG POLYGONACEAE Jacob's LadderQEfoliosissimum micranthum occidentale pulcherrimum viscosum caeruleum lA EriogonumB Michx. r chamber. laments usually unequal in length and often hairy near the base; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid, seeds 1-10 per chamber. Water Horehound / BugleweedQ americanus asper R#American Bugleweed Rough Bugleweed A MarrubiumB Marrubium (Horehound genus) See species description locally E HorehoundG LAMIACEAEP HorehoundQ vulgare Common Horehound MenthaB Mentha (Mint genus) Perennial or rarely annual aromatic herbs from rhizomes. Leaves opposite, sessile or short-petioled, toothed. Flowers bisexual or pistillate, in whorls, these arising from leaf axils and the clusters remote, or subtended by bracts and forming a dense, terminal, spikelike inflorescence; calyx radially symmetrical or in a few species obscurely 2-lipped, 10-nerved, 4(5)-lobed; corolla 4-lobed and nearly radially symmetrical, the upper lobe entire or notched, slightly canada fleabaneo canada goldenrod canada milkvetch canada thistlen canada white violet canada wildrye canary canary grass cancer-root cancerroot candytuft canyon canyon orchid capillary capillary gilia capitate capitate waterleaf caraway carolina carolina cranesbill carolina foxtail carolina lovegrass carolina nightshade carolina whitlow grass carpet carpet phlox carrotM carson's carson's phacelia casey's casey's corydalis cat's cat's cat-tail catchfly catchweed catchweed bedstraw catnip catseye cattail caudate caudate willow cedar centaury central central prickly chain chain speedwell sneezeweedv common sowthistle common sunflowerx common twinpod common water plantainC arenaria arenaria sandwort genus areolate areoles argemone argemone prickly poppy genus arise arisingA aristida aristida three-awn genus he base, the style undivided or shallowly cleft, and the pappus of minutely barbed or more coarsely branched bristles, the latter club-shaped in outline; pistillate flowers with a threadlike tubular corolla and a 2-cleft style. Achenes terete or slightly compressed; pappus of numerous, soft, hairlike bristles united at the base and generally falling in a ring. E PussytoesG ASTERACEAE AnthemisB Cryptanth or Cat's Eye is a large genus of about 150 species of small annual to perennial herbs, mostly in western N. America or the Andean region of S. America. The Intermountain Region is especially rich, with 64 species. Plants are usually low-growing, hairy, with white, cream or yellow flowers. These are typically small, 1/16 to 1/8 inch across, but sometimes almost 1/2 inch. Nutlets are not hooked, and may be smooth or rough. We have 3 species. Dwarf Cat's Eye is a familiar plant ofB rocky slopes in the foothills and higher, flowers to 2/5 inch; the others are tiny plants of openings in the trees; foothills and above. 021-027M 060-017P Cryptanth / Cat's EyeQjaffinis humilis torreyana sp. 1 confertiflora cinerea johnstonii rollinsii flavoculata flava crassisepala R9Ally Cryptanth Dwarf Catseye Cat's Eye Torrey Cryptantha timothy toadflax tobacco tongue townsendia tree-of-heaven trefoil tresses triteleia turkeyQ turkey peasQ twayblade twinflower twinpod twisted-stalk twistflower valerian velvetgrass verbena vervain vetch violet virgin's virgin's bower wallflower wallrocket waterC water clover aternymph weedr wheat wheatgrass whitetop whitlow whitlow grass buckwheat cucumber geranium hollyhock licorice onion garlic wildrye william willow-weed willowherb willowherb willow-weed windflower wintercress wintergreen wintergreen shinleaf wolfbane woodreed woodrush woodsorrel wormwooda yarrow yellowcress aceraceae MyriophyllumG HALORAGACEAEK MyriophyllumQ spicatum R"Water Milfoil Naked Water Milfoil HippurisB Hippuris See species description locally Mare's Tail Early botanists treated Hippuris as a monotypic genus. Recent workers in both North America and Europe have named additional species based on variations in leaf morphology. McCully and Dale (1961) found that plants of diverse origin developed similar leaves when grown under uniform conditions and, conversely, plants from a single population displayed great diversity in leaf morphology when grown under different conditions. For this reason, they question the validity of recognizing variatioB5n in leaf morphology even at the infraspecific level. HIPPURIDACEAEK Mare's TailQ vulgaris Mare's Tail Common Mare's Tail ElodeaB Michx. l'her lindl maxim medic michx mitch moench mutis mutis benth rockmat presl planch presl pursh tourn tourn adans berthel weber willd visible vithe vulgare wallflower wallrocket waterC waterfern waterleaf watermeal waternymph wavyG wavy-marginedE weakly[ wedge-shaped| weedr weedyE wellL well-defined sunflower sweetR sweet alyssum sweet cicely sweetrootR sweet william sweetclover sweetpea sweetpea peavine sweetrootR sweetvetch swertia oatgrass tamarisk tamarisk cedar tansy tansy mustard tansyaster tarweed teasel thelypodium thistle thornapple three-awn tickweed tickweed forget-me-not timothy toadflax tobacco tongue townsendia tree-of-heaven trefoil tresses triteleia turkeyQ turkey peasQ twayblade twinflower twinpod twisted-stalk twistflower valerian grass cucumber forget-me-not garlic geranium hollyhock licorice morning glory onion garlic willow-weed willowherb everlasting\ fairy fairy bells false false false hellebore fescue fiddleneck figwort filaree fingergrass fleur-de-lis flatsedge flaxflower fleabane fleur-de-lis floerkea flower forget-me-not o'clock foxtail fritillary fumitory garlic gaura gentian geranium giant giant hyssop gilia glacier glacier dogtooth violet glasswort glechoma hawkweed heliotrope hemlockJ heron's heron's honeysuckle horehound hornwort hornwort coontail horsebrush horsemint horsetail horsetail scouring hound's hound's tongue beggar's huckleberry hyssop inkweed povertyweed| Brassica (Mustard genus) Annual or perennial taprooted herbs (ours) or rarely subshrubs; herbage glabrous or pubescent with mostly coarse, simple hairs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed to pinnatifid, the basal commonly petioled and rosette-forming, those of the stem gradually reduced upward, generally sessile and often auriculate-clasping. Flowers in racemes; sepals 4, erect to spreading; petals 4, yellow, often fading to white; stamens 6. Fruit a glabrous or hairy, subterete to 4 "-angled, tardily dehiscent silique, commonly somewhat constricted between the seeds, the valves 1-3-nerved, the style prominent, often terminating an indehiscent, terete to strongly compressed beak, the stigma obscurely 2-lobed; seeds in 1 or 2 rows on each side of the replum, subglobose. MustardG BRASSICACEAE sparsiflora pulchra BarbareaB Senecio (Groundsel or Butterweed genus) Annual to perennial herbs or subshrubs. Leaves alternate, simple and entire to bipinnatifid. Heads small to medium, 1-many; involucre cylindric to hemispheric, the bracts herbaceous to subherbaceous, in 1 or essentially 2 horizontal ranks, principal bracts 8-25, linear, equal, usually somewhat overlapping laterally, sometimes with only the alternate bracts membranous-margined, often thickened along the midrib and sonewhat keeled, especially belo w, minutely ciliate and often black at the tips, adjoining bracts sometimes fused, especially near the base; outer involucral bracts (when present) usually much shorter and narrower than the inner ones, occasionally black-tipped, 1 or 2 of them sometimes subtending the involucre, receptacle flat to convex, naked; ray flowers pistillate, fertile, yellow (ours) to orange-red or sometimes lacking; disc flowers bisexual, fertile, the style branches somewhat flattened and minutely hairy at the Haplopappus (Goldenweed genus) Taprooted herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or entirely basal, entire to bipinnatifid. Heads solitary to numerous, involucre cylindric to hemispheric, the bracts numerous, subequal to strongly imbricate, herbaceous to subherbaceous throughout or chartaceous below and green-tipped; receptacle flat to slightly convex, naked; ray flowers few to numerous, pistillate, generally fertile, the rays yellow (ours) to cream or lacking; style bra nches of the disc flowers flattened, with elongate, obtuse to long-tapered, minutely hairy appendages. Achenes terete or angled, variously hairy; pappus of numerous, unequal white to tan, minutely barbed, usually persistent, hairlike bristles. Cassini's original spelling of the generic name was Aplopappus, but the name Haplopappus is conserved by international agreement. Disagreement exists as to whether or not Haplopappus constitutes a natural grouping of species. Some workers prefer to t ecently, however, the 5-merous S. bimaculata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Hook. of Japan was reported to have a basic number of 13 (Moore 1973). Allred (1976) assigned Utah plants to different genera based on habit and habitat, placing the robust S. radiata with greenish-white flowers and a tolerance for dry habitats in Frasera and the slender S. perenniis with darker colored flowers and a higher moisture requirement in Swertia. The morphological and ecological variation within Asian species of Swer tia, however, bridges what might appear to be a basis for such a separation. The 4-merous S. tetrapetala Pall., for example, is a low, slender, taprooted annual with a dark blue corolla, growing in sandy, grassy sites at low elevations, whereas the 5-merous S. bimaculata reaches a height of 8 dm, has a creamy white, green-spotted corolla, and occupies wet places in lowlands and mountains. The two genera are herein merged, following St. John (1941 ) and Correll and Johnston (1970). ladies tresses genus about species herbs ferns primarily tropical perhaps hundred lady's slipper genus contains about species large worldwide broomrape genus being subdivided lewisias named after meriwether lewis explorer lovegrasses constitute large genus species lupine genus about species biggest concentra maidenhair genus about species worldwide meadowrues genus about species temperate medick alfalfa genus centered mediterranean monkeyflower genus about species western monkshood wolfsbane genus about species synonymous strength origin common pussytoes obvious origin arnica unclear about species chickweed chicory chrysanthemum cicelyR cinquefoil clarkia cleavers cliffbrake cliffrose clover cocklebur collomia columbine comandra coneflower conyza coontail coral coral cordgrass cotton cotton thistle cottonwood parsnipN cowcockle crabgrass crazyweed crowfoot cryptanth cucumber cudweed currant cutgrass cutleaf cypress daffodil daisy dandelionZ deadnettle death death camas desertP desert parsleyP desert-thorn ditchgrass dodder dogbane dogfennel dogtooth dogtooth violet dogwood douglas douglas downingia dragonhead nhead nhead onhead nhead gonhead fleabane fleur-de-lis flower forget-me-not o'clock foxtail assignedk asterb aster aster genusb astragalus astragalus locoweed milkvetch genus asymmetrical Wached attachment atypical auricledv clayt copel crantz heynh dietr dougl dougl lindl duhamel forsk forsk camus camus gaertn grayj greene griseb heister heynh hoffmH hoffm bessH horkel horkel schleid R~Purple Peavine Rydberg's Sweetpea Thickleaf Sweetpea Lanszwert's Sweetpea Longtooth Sweetpea Utah Sweetpea Perennial Sweetpea LupinusB Lupinus (Lupine genus) Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually palmately compound, the leaflets 3-17, entire; stipules membranous, fused to the base of the petiole. Flowers in terminal, sometimes headlike racemes; calyx 2-lipped, divided almost to the base, the tube often slightly pouched to short-spurred near the base of the ventral side; corolla papilionaceous, mostly blue to lavender or white to cream, the banner commonly medially grooved and the sides slight alpinus argophyllus beckwithii canadensis cibarius diversifolius geyeri kentrophyta miser utahensis cicer eurekensis mollissimus lonchocarpus lentiginosus desperatus praelongus episcopus serpens newberryi whitneyi cymboides asclepiadoides rafaelensis preussii coltonii flavus Alpine Milkvetch Silverleaf Milkvetch Meadow Milkvetch Beckwith Milkvetch Canada Milkvetch Browse Milkvetch Meadow Milkvetch Mesic Milkvetch Geyer Milkvetch Matvetch Spiny Milkvetch Gray Kentrophyta Weedy Milkvetch Utah Milkvetch Chickpea Milkvetch Lesser Rushy Milkvetch GlycyrrhizaB Glycyrrhiza (Wild Licorice genus) See species description locally Wild LicoriceG FABACEAE e glabrous or rarely hairy near the tip, the stigma minute. Fruit a sessile or stipitate legume, flat to much inflated, subglobose to narrowly elongate, Blueberry, Huckleberry, Bilberry, Cranberry, Whinberry, etc., etc. There are about 400 species in this large genus, spread around the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Many are important fruit crops, for humans as well as animals. Given the number of species it is not surprising they come in various forms: shrubs, a few trees; creeping, upright; evergreen, deciduous; dry slopes, bogs. Our two species are both low-growing deciduous subshrubs, with thin leaves. Fruits are typical BMlittle blueberries, rather sparse. Try a few, and leave the rest for grouse. 061-022M 043-023N 065-021P Blueberry / HuckleberryQ cespitosum scoparium myrtillus R?Dwarf Bilberry Dwarf Huckleberry Broom Huckleberry Grouseberry A EuphorbiaB Cenchrus (Sandbur genus) See species description locally SandburG POACEAEKgThe Sandbur genus is a small one, with 20 species, mostly American. See the species for a description. SandburQ longispinus Longspine Sandbur ChlorisB Chloris (Fingergrass genus) See species description locally FingergrassG POACEAE A]Fingergrass has about 50 species in warmer regions. It has only been found once in our area. FingergrassQ verticillata Windmill Grass CinnaB Cinna (Woodreed genus) See species description locally edgrass Chess CalamagrostisB Adans. owden three-awn three-tipa three-tip sagebrusha three-toothed three-toothed saltbush threeleaf threeleaf lewisia threesquare threetipa threetip sagebrusha thumb thurber thurber redtop thyme-leaf thyme-leaf speedwell thyme-leaved thyme-leaved speedwell thyme-leaved spurge thymeleaf thymeleaf spurge ticklegrass tickseed tickweed tidytips tiling's tiling's monkeyflower timber timber oatgrass timothy mousetail toad-lily toadflax tobacco tolmie's tolmie's clover tongue toothed toothed spurge torrey torrey alkaligrass torrey cryptantha torrey torrey's torrey's seepweed torrey's spikerush tower tower mustard POACEAE curus lace-fern ladder ladies lady's lady's slipper lambsquarters lanceleaf lanceleaf cottonwood lanceleaf figwort lanceleaf phacelia lanceleaf rockcress lanceleaf springbeauty lanceleaf stonecrop lanszwert's lanszwert's sweetpea larch large large collomia large-valve large-valve largeleaf largeleaf avens larkspur laurel leafyb leafy asterb leafy jacob's ladder leafy jacobsladder leafy lousewort leafy pondweed leafy spurge leafybractb leafybract asterb least least lewisia lemmon's lemmon's rockcress lemon lemon scurfpea lemonadeF lemonade sumacF leonard's leonard's penstemon leopard leopard lesserW lesser duckweed eniumB Willd. Willd. {e-producing cones are on a pale unbranched stem, separate from the main stems which will grow and spread by runners. In the others the cones are borne at the tops of the stems. Meadow Horsetail is a classic branched horsetail, with separate reproductive stems (Photo 1). Here the regular stems are only just beginning to branch. The other photos are of single-stemmed species. 030-004M 113-030N 120-003P Horsetail / Scouring RushQ&arvense hyemale laevigatum variegatum RdField Horsetail Meadow Horsetail Common Scouring Rush Smooth Scouring Rush Variegated Scouring Rush ArctostaphylosB Adans. Arctostaphylos (Manzanita genus) See species description locally E ManzanitaG ERICACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE /The Bindweed genus Convolvuluv is very similar outwardly to the Morning Glory genus Calystegia, but closer examination shows them to be not very closely related. There are about 250 species, mostly in temperate regions. We have no native species, our only member being the noxious weed Field Bindweed. 007-001M 099-029N 019-011P Bindweed / Wild Morning GloryQ arvensis Field Bindweed Creeping Jenny CressaB Cressa See species description locally Alkali WeedG CONVOLVULACEAE descriptionH ulating above the glumes; glumes unequal, shorter than the lowermost lemma, acute to obtuse, rarely awn-tipped, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved; lemma rounded or in one species distinctly keeled on the back, (3)5-9-nerved, entire or bifid at the apex, unawned or with an awn arising below the apex, commonly from between the teeth, the callus glabrous when present; palea 2-nerved, the nerves keeled and ciliate. Caryopsis adherent to the palea, bearing at the apex a persistent, mi Saltgrass is a genus of 4 species, occurring in saline meadows in the Americas. Only one occurs here, forming extensive patches in the salty flats. A most unusual feature is that flowers of the two sexes are on separate plants (dioecious). 075-026M 077-013P SaltgrassQ spicata Saltgrass Alkali Grass EchinochloaB Beauv. Echinochloa (Barnyard Grass genus) See species description locally Barnyard GrassG POACEAE AvThis is a small genus of 20-30 species from warm regions. Barnyard Grass is our sole representative, possibly native. 076-006M 073-011P Barnyard GrassQ crusgalli Barnyard Grass Wild Millet EleusineB Gaertn. on separate plants (dioecious). hardgrass hardgrass hardgrass genus single member hardstem hare's harebell harmful harsh harsher hashish occasionally short-awned; lemmas membranous to hardened, 3.5-12 mm long (ours), (3) 5-7-nerved, usually obscurely so, distinctly rounded on the back (ours) with the margins usually inrolled at maturity, gradually tapered from near midlength or below to an acute, rarely minutely bifid apex, our species awnless or with an awn to 13 mm long; stamens 3 in the perennial species, 1 (3) in the annuals. Caryopsis free or fused with the palea. Fescue raceme or a narrow to open panicle, spikelets 2-12 (20)-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the uppermost floret reduced; glumes unequal, shorter than the lowermost lemma, the first 1-nerved and acute, the second usually 3-nerved, sometimes obscurely so, acute to E LovegrassG POACEAE Many contemporary North American and European taxonomists assign the annual fescue species to the genus Vulpia. The annual species are distinct from the perennial ones in having cylindric caryopses and mostly cleistogamous florets with 1 or less often 3 (variable within any one species) stamens rather than ovoid-ellipsoid caryopses and chasmogamous florets with 3 stamens. Such minor differences occur within many genera, however, and their recognition at the level of genus would appear to sB erve no useful purpose. POACEAE The Fescue (pronounced 'fesk') genus has about 100 species in temperate and cool regions. They grow in tufts,and are perennial. Both native and introduced species are valuable forage plants. FescueQ@arundinacea bromoides myuros octoflora ovina pratensis subulata E LovegrassG POACEAEP Lovegrass Seepweed InkweedG CHENOPODIACEAE The Seepweeds (about 115 species) occur worldwide in saline habitats. They generally have somewhat fleshy leaves, sometimes spiny-tipped, and can be annuals, perennials, or shrubs. Two of our three species are annuals, the other a small shrub or subshrub. Flowers are usually bisexual, with 5 lobes in the calyx (no petals). As seeds mature the lobes develop various bumps and knobs which help in identification. 016-012M 078-022N 079-009P Seepweed / InkweedQ&calceoliformis occidentalis torreyana R@Broom Seepweed Western Seepweed Bush Seepweed Torrey's Seepweed MannagrassG POACEAE About 30 species of Mannagrass occur in the Northern Hemisphere. They are tall plants of aquatic and marsh habitats, and are a valuable resource for birds. MannagrassQ grandis striata R$American Mannagrass Fowl Mannagrass HolcusB Holcus (Velvetgrass genus) See species description locally VelvetgrassG POACEAE Velvetgrass is a genus with 8 species of velvety perennials. They are native to the Old World, two having been introduced in the U.S. VelvetgrassQ lanatus Common Velvetgrass HordeumB P Lovegrass skeletonweed slipper smartweed smelowskia smilacina smotherweed sneezeweed snowberry soapwort sorghum sorrel sowthistle speedwell sphaeromeria spider spider flower spike spike primrose spikemoss spikerush spleenwort sprangletop springbeauty springparsley spruce spurge squirreltail john's starwort stickseed stone-fruits stonecrop stoneseed storksbill strawberry sumac summer summer cypress sumpweed sunflowerw sweetR sweet alyssum sweet cicelyR sweet william sweetclover sweetpea sweetroot sweetvetch swertia oatgrass tamarisk tansy tansy mustard tansyaster tarweed teasel thelypodium thistle thornapple three-awn tickweed lovage lupine@ motherwort@ panicgrass@ poppy ragweed@ skeletonweed@ sweet william timothy@ wallflower water hemlock@ woodbine aizoaceae@ cornaceae@ papaveraceae@ primulaceae 1981@ 20-25@ 5-lobed@ single species twinflower occurs around northern abound@ about achenes actually adds@ allergies amaranth@ apart@ apots appear applied@ around aspidotis small genus species western classification@ cluster@ comes@ conium@ considered@ coulter's@ cudweed@ Hordeum (Barley or Foxtail genus) Solitary or more often tufted annuals or perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades usually flat, ligules membranous, mostly short; auricles developed or lacking. Inflorescence a dense, solitary, terminal spike or spikelike raceme, the rachis readily disarticulating at the nodes at maturity (continuous in H. vulgare): spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each node of the rachis (ours), the central spikelet generally sessile with a well-developed, fertile floret, the lateral spikelets short-pedicelled (sessile in H. vulgare) with staminate or rudimentary florets (fertile in H. vulgare); glumes borne in front of the enclosed floret, awnlike throughout or somewhat flattened for a short distance above the base, slender to relatively stout, scabrous or ciliate; lemma firm, rounded on the back, obscurely 5-nerved, normally awned, the rachilla often prolonged behind tne palea as a bristle and rarely bearing a rudimentary floret. agrass MuhlygrassQ asperifolia filiformis R!Muhly Scratchgrass Pull-up Muhly RA OryzopsisB Michx. Oryzopsis (Ricegrass genus) See species description locally E RicegrassG POACEAE AEThe Ricegrass genus has about 20 species in cool and temperate areas. P RicegrassQ hymenoides Indian Ricegrass PanicumB nerveless (rarely obsolete), the second 1-3-nerved; lemma similar to or somewhat firmer than the glumes, rounded on the back, 3-nerved, commonly obscurely so, obtuse to acute or awned from the tip, rarely from between short apical lobes, the callus inconspicuous, glabrous or in some species long-hairy. Caryopsis free from but mostly remaining enclosed within the lemma and palea. PellaeaB P!Pickleweed / Samphire / GlasswortQ europaea utahensis RCMarshfire Pickleweed Annual Samphire Utah Pickleweed Utah Samphire SalsolaB Salsola See species description locally Russian ThistleG CHENOPODIACEAE The Russian Thistle genus has about 100 species worldwide, only one of which occurs here. They are annuals or subshrubs. When out of their native habitats they can become serious weeds. Typical form of those established in the U.S. is the tumbleweed: a highly branched tough annual of rounded form, as much as 2-3 feet tall, and the same across. Leaves are modified to become spiny; calyx and bracts around the flowers are modified to become spiny. 027-018M 120-013N 018-030P Starwort / ChickweedQDcalycantha jamesiana longipes media nitens obtusa umbellata nemorum Calyxeye Starwort Calyx Starwort Tuber Starwort James's Chickweed Longstalk Starwort Common Chickweed Handsome Starwort Blunt Starwort Umbrella Starwort Umbellate Starwort VaccariaB Medic. Vaccaria (Cowcockle genus) See species description locally E CowcockleG CARYOPHYLLACEAE APThere is only a single secies of Cowcockle, a native of the Mediterranean area. P CowcockleQ pyramidata Cowcockle PachistimaB Pachistima See species description locally Mountain LoverG CELASTRACEAE ombinations will inevitably be encountered. Identification should then be made to the species the plant in question most closely resembles. POACEAE BThe Bluegrass genus is very large, with 150 to 200 species or more, mostly of temperate and arctic regions. They are of modest height, annuals or perennials. A number are used in lawns, although Annual Bluegrass dies off in the fall, leaving brown spots. We have about a dozen species, split between native and introduced. P BluegrassQjalpina annua bulbosa compressa fendleriana glauca leptocoma nervosa palustris pratensis secunda trivialis Alpine Bluegrass Annual Bluegrass Winter Bluegrass Bulbous Bluegrass Canada Bluegrass Muttongrass Greenland Bluegrass Bog Bluegrass Wheeler Bluegrass Fowl Bluegrass Kentucky Bluegrass Sandburg Bluegrass Rough Bluegrass XA PolypogonB Desf. ReedG POACEAE The Common Reed Phragmites australis is one of 3 species in the genus, and the most widely dispersed. The genus is in the Arundina subfamily, its tribe being typically very tall, and including the ornamental Pampas Grasses. ReedQ australis Common Reed PhragmitesB Trin. Phragmites (Reed genus) See species description locally ReedG POACEAE The Common Reed Phragmites australis is one of 3 species in the genus, and the most widely dispersed. The genus is in the Arundina subfamily, its tribe being typically very tall, and including the ornamental Pampas Grasses. Polypogon (Beardgrass genus) Annuals or perennials; stems tufted, typically decumbent at the base and abruptly bent at the nodes. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a spikelike, cylindric to elliptic panicle, sometimes irregularly lobed; spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating below a short, persistent segment of the pedicel (or near its base), the spikelet and pedicel segment falling together, the rachilla not prolonged behind the pa lea; glumes equal or nearly so, about 2 mm long (ours), much exceeding the floret, laterally compressed and keeled, acutish or narrowly tapered to an entire or minutely bifid apex, unawned or awned from the tip, sometimes from between minute teeth, in our species scabrous to minutely pubescent; lemma transparent, shiny, minutely erose-toothed at the apex, unawned or the awn delicate, straight, and readily deciduous, in our species to about 3 mm long. Beardgrass dropseed ducksmeat duckweed dustyi dusty maideni dwarf dwarf mistletoe dyer's dyer's elderberry elodea enchanter's enchanter's nightshade englishd english daisyd euclidium evening evening primrose everlasting\ fairy fairy bells false false false hellebore fescue fiddleneck figwort filaree fingergrass flatsedge flaxflower fleabane fleur-de-lis floerkea flower forget-me-not o'clock foxtail 021-015M 116-034N 072-008P Sweet WilliamQ@hoodii longifolia pulvinata austromontana muscoides? divaricata R^Hood's Phlox Carpet phlox Wild Sweet William Longleaf Phlox Alpine Tufted Phlox Cushion Phlox PolemoniumB Polemonium (Jacob's Ladder genus) Annual or perennial herbs; herbage usually glandular, often malodorous. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid or more often pinnately compound with opposite to offset, entire or dissected leaflets, the upper 3-7 often confluent on the rachis. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or rarely solitary; calyx uniformly herbaceous at flowering or occasionally with short narrow membranous intervals below the sinuses, becoming chartaceous at fruiting, not ruptured by C{sely to finely cross-wrinkled and sometimes brown-spotted when mature, the margins inrolled around the edges of the palea. BristlegrassG POACEAE Our two Bristlegrasses are European natives that behave as weeds here. The genus is large, 125 species, annuals and perennials of temperate to tropical regions. BristlegrassQ verticillata viridis R$Bur Bristlegrass Green Bristlegrass SitanionB Sitanion (Squirreltail genus) See species description locally SquirreltailG POACEAE AuSquirreltails are only 2 or 3 species, and known to hybridize with members of both the Wildrye and Bentgrass genera. Gilia Annual to perennial herbs from taproots. Leaves alternate or the lowermost sometimes opposite, simple, entire or toothed to pinnately or ternately lobed or dissected, mostly strongly reduced upward, occasionally the leaves entirely basal. Flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal and axillary cymose clusters; calyx tube with herbaceous segments alternating with membranous ones, scarcely accrescent and usually ruptured by the developing fruit, the 5 apical teeth equal in length;B corolla bell-shaped to funnelform or salverform; stamens arising from the corolla tube, generally at the same level; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule subglobose to obovoid, seeds 1-many per chamber. GiliaF Grant's (1956) separation of Ipomopsis from Gilia is poorly defined morphologically, being based upon minor characters, none of which are exclusive to one genus or the other. panicgrass parsleyP parsnipH pearlwort pearly\ pearly everlasting\ peasQ peavine pellitory pennycress peppergrass pepperweed pepperwort perityle periwinkle petradoria petrophytum pheasant's pheasant's pickleweed pigweed pimpernel pipsissewa plantainC plectritis poisonK poison hemlockK polanisia polecat polypody pondweed popcorn popcorn flower poplar poppy poverty poverty povertyweed prickly prickly gilia prickly prickly poppy primrose psilocarphus puccoon puncturevine purse purslaneB pussytoes quillwort rabbitbrush radish and a single European species. The latter, Cockle, was recently moved into this genus from another: Lychnis alba becomes Silene pratensis. Our native species are all small, from the tiny stemless Moss Pink to Drummond's Campion at 2 feet. Seed capsules usually open by 3, 6 or 10 teeth. Campion / Wild Pink / CatchflyQ;acaulis antirrhina douglasii drummondii menziesii vulgaris Mosspink Moss Campion Sleepy Catchfly Annual Catchfly Douglas Campion Drummond Campion Drummond Catchfly Menzies' Campion Menzies' Catchfly SpergulariaB (Pers.) J. & C. Presl BeardgrassG POACEAE Beardgrasses are a small group of 10 species, with 2 in our area. A third listed here has been reassigned to Agrostis semiverticillatus. They are low to medium-sized annuals or perennials, preferring moist soil. BeardgrassQ,interruptus monspeliensis semiverticillatus R>Ditch Beardgrass Rabbitfoot Grass Beardgrass Water Beardgrass PuccinelliaB Parl. nutely bifid apex, unawned or awned from the tip, sometimes from between minute teeth, in our species scabrous to minutely pubescent; lemma transparent, shiny, minutely erose-toothed at the apex, unawned or the awn delicate, straight, and readily deciduous, in our species to about 3 mm long. secunda trivialis DropseedG POACEAE AQDropseed is a large genus of 100 species, richest in warmer regions of the world. DropseedQ airoides cryptandrus Alkali Sacaton Sand Dropseed StipaB Stipa (Needlegrass genus) Tufted perennials. Leaf sheaths open; the blades mostly inrolled; ligules membranous or rarely a ring of hairs; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open to spikelike panicle; spikelets 1-flowered, the floret terete and hardened at maturity, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes membranous to papery, the first commonly longer than the second, both exceeding the body of the lemma, 1-5(9)-nerved, acute to long-tapered at the apex; lemma thin or hardened at mat pericarp), obovate and slightly compressed, often reddish, readily falling from the floret at maturity. genus geranium geranium geranium genus avens genus giant gilia given glabrate glabrousF Wee of the lemma a RJField Chickweed Mouse-ear Chickweed Bering Chickweed Bering Sea Chickweed A HolosteumB Holosteum See species description locally E HolosteumG CARYOPHYLLACEAE AmThere are 6 species of Jagged Chickweed, all Eurasian. Our only example is a small weed of the dry foothills. P HolosteumQ umbellatum Jagged Chickweed Holosteum LychnisB Lychnis (Whitecockle genus) See species description locally WhitecockleG CARYOPHYLLACEAE barnyard grass beardgrass beardtongue bedstraw beeplant beggar's beggar's beggarticks bellflower bells bentgrass bermuda bermuda grass bindweed birch bird's-foot bird's-foot trefoil birdsbeak biscuitroot bitterbrush bittercress blackberry bladder bladder bladderpod blazing blazing bleedingheart mustard blue-eyed blue-eyed grass blue-eyed bluebells blueberry bluegrass orchid boneset borage bower bracken bramble brickellbush bristlegrass brome brookgrass broomrape buckthorn buckwheat alkaline alkaloid allenrolfea allium allium onion garlic genus allred almost alnus alnus alder genus alongP alopecurus alopecurus foxtail genus alternateB nd often erose C'Caryopsis free of the lemma and palea. E Bluegrass Many Poa species are known to reproduce by means of unfertilized seed (apomixis), producing offspring genetically identical to the parent (biotypes). Each biotype has the potential for maintaining itself as a constant genetically pure line for an indefinite number of generations. Although generally reproductively isolated from other biotypes of the same species, occasional sexual reproduction does occur between biotypes. The resulting offspring, being infused with a new source of genetic m curring as consistently correlated combinations of characters in plants having a reasonably wide distribution need be given taxonomic recognition. We have designed the key to the species to provide as many clues as possible. Because of the complexity within the genus, however, plants with unusual character c Setaria (Bristlegrass genus) Annuals or perennials. Leaf sheaths open, often compressed and keeled; the blades flat or folded to inrolled; ligules membranous-based with a fringe of hairs; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a densely flowered, usually cylindric, bristly spikelike panicle, the spikelets subsessile or short-pedicelled, in clusters on short branches, some or all of them subtended by 1-several conspicuous bristles (reduced panicle branches); spikelets dorsiventrally compresse d to subterete, 2-flowered, the lower floret sterile or staminate, the upper fertile, disarticulating below the glumes but above the bristles; glumes unequal, acute to obtuse, the first triangular and less than one-half the length of the spikelet, 1-5-nerved, basally clasping, the second from one-half to as long as the spikelet, 5-9-nerved; reduced lower lemma similar to the second glume, equal to or rarely exceeding the spikelet, fertile upper lemma planoconvex, firm to hard, usually coar ADogfennel Mayweed Chamomile Golden Chamomile Yellow Chamomile in bundles. They are small, wedge-shaped at the base, with 3-7 lobes at the tip or along the sides. Undersides are woolly, with rolled back edges. Flowers are just like a small white rose, with 5 spreading petals and many stamens (Photo 1). Fruits are single achenes with or without fluffy plumes. We have 2 species, one from each of the 2 genera, both are shrubs of the foothills and hybridize: Stansbury Cliffrose, with fluffy seeds (Photo 2); Antelope Bitterbrush, seeds lack tufts (C Photo 3) 025-008M 038-012N 041-027P BitterbrushQ tridentata Antelope Bitterbrush RosaB AvensG ROSACEAE AvensG ROSACEAE marginsG mariposa markings maroon marrubium marrubium horehound genus marsilea marsilea water clover genus masses mat-forming matchweed matricariaj matricaria mayweed genus mature matures maturing maturityA mayweed meadowrue mealy mealy-scurfy means measure measurements medially medicago medicago medick genus medick medium medium-sized melica melica melicgrass oniongrass genus melicgrass melilotus melilotus sweetclover genus midlength persistentC persisting persists persons petaloidB petalsA petioledE petiolesC pinkG familyA fascicle fascicled fascicles featherlike female ferns fertileF fescue festuca festuca fescue genus few-flowered fewer fibers fibrousC fiddleneck fields fifth figwort filament filamentsV filaree fruitA fruiting[ funnelformW The periwinkles are cultivated vines, used extensively as ground cover - they can be too successful, and become hard to control. Sometimes they escape and establish themselves in the wild. However, they rarely set seed, so do not disperse readily. Lovely blue flowers about an inch across accounts for their popularity. The genus is large and widespread, and medicinal drugs have been based upon some of the chemicals found in them. Vinca major and Vinca minor are broadly similar, but can beB) told apart by their leaf size and shape. Periwinkle / MyrtleQ major minor RLGreater Periwinkle Grave-Myrtle Lesser Periwinkle Periwinkle Running-Myrtle A AsclepiasB Osmorhiza has 11 species, occurring in North and South America and e. Asia. Although several species are given the name "Sweet-cicely", that actually refers more properly to the European Myrrhis odorata. They are spindlt plants, often growing in shaded woodland areas in the canyons. Sweet Cicely / SweetrootQ#chilensis depauperata occidentalis RqSpreading Sweetroot Chile Sweetroot Bluntseed Sweetroot Blunt-fruit Sweet-cicely Sweetanise Western Sweet Cicely A PastinacaB Pastinaca (Parsnip genus) See species description locally ParsnipG APIACEAEKIThe Parsnip genus is native to Eurasia, where there are about 14 species.P ParsnipQ sativa Wild Parsnip PerideridiaB reflexedX region regular relativelyk remainderx remaining remote remotely removedk replacedG replacing replum reported represented reproducing reproductive requirement resembling resin resinousF resinweedt result resulting retentionu rhizomatous perennial herbs stems simple erect leaves entire rhizome rhizomesV ribbedk ribes ribsG ridgen ridgesC rightR rigide rimmed ringC ringed rising 1964X 1974u 1976j 1acking adherentV afterL alignedl alongP alternateE alternatingV ambrosia[ anatomyk angledk anglesR annualE annual biennial often perennial herbs leaves alternab entireE enveloped ephemeral epigynousG equalW equally equitant erectE horsetail hound's however huckleberry human humans humulus humulus genus husktomato hutchinsia hybrid hybridization hydrocyanic hydrophyllum hydrophyllum waterleaf genus hymenoxys hypericum hypericum john's genus hypogynousB hyssop i-several iliamna iliamna hollyhock genus illness imbricateZ immatureG juiceZ kingsburyX lackingA lanceolateC largeV lateralG laterallyA latterP lavenderb leafE leafletsR least[ leavesA trailingV translucent transparent transversely treatu treated treatments treesA trees shrubs leaves deciduous evergreen alternate tresses triangular triangular-conic tribulus tribulus puncturevine caltrop genus trifolium trifolium clover genus triglochin triglochin arrowgrass genus tripinnately trisetum triteleia triticum triticum wheat genus trumpet-shaped truncate^ tubeV tubercle L. grayi has wonderfully fragrant leaves, very finely divided: it is abundant on Antelope Island. L. triternatum is a delicate plant with leaves divided into just nine sections, common in the foothills in spring. Desert Parsley / BiscuitrootQTambiguum bicolor dissectum foeniculaceum grayi nuttallii triternatum junceum parryi Wyeth Biscuitroot Wasatch Biscuitroot Indian Parsley Fernleaf Lomatium Giant Lomatium Hairyseed Lomatium Desert-Parsley Narrowleaf Lomatium Milfoil Lomatium Threadleaf Lomatium Stinking Lomatium Nineleaf Biscuitroot Ternate Lomatium OrogeniaB Wats. Orogenia (Turkey Peas genus) See species description locally short-hairy^ short-lived short-pedicelled short-peduncled short-petioled short-spurred short-stalked short-stipitate short-taperedb shorteri showy shredding shrubby shrubsA shrubs frequently coarse herbs small trees leaves shrubs stems often bristles prickles biennial shrubs branches erect spreading prostrate unarmed sibbaldia sidalcea sidalcea checkermallow genus leaves opposite simple mostly common cattail common chickweed common chicorym common cocklebur common dandelion common duckweed common evening primrose common fumitory common gilia common globemallow common ground-cherry common groundcherry common groundsel common hollyhock common horehound softZ solanum solanum nightshade genus solid solidago solidago goldenrod genus solitaryB someB some-what sometines enchanter's enchanter's nightshade engelmannb engelmann asterb engelmann fleabaneq engelmann spruce engelmann'sq engelmann's daisyq englishd english daisyd english plantain english violet entire entire mentzelia erect erect avens erectpod erectpod wintercress eschscholtz eschscholtz buttercup europeand european alkaligrass european bittersweet european daisyd european stickseed european wintercress evening evening-primrose everlasting\ everywhereb everywhere asterb exalted exalted centaury fairway fairway wheatgrass clammy groundcherry clammy claret claret clarkia clary clary clasping clasping pepperweed clear-eye cleavers clematis cliff cliff jamesia cliffbrake cliffrose cloud cloud sedge clover cloverhead cloverhead horsemint clustered clustered broomrape clustered cancerroot matvetch mayweed^ mayweed chamomile^ mazama mazama collomia meadowp meadow barley meadow death camas meadow fescue meadow foxtail meadow goldenweedu meadow hawksbeardp meadow horsetail meadow milkvetch meadow salsify meadowrue measly measly monkeyflower medick mediterranean mediterranean barley mediterranean lovegrass mentzelia menzies menzies campion menzies catchfly menzies fiddleneck mermaid merten's merten's mesic mesic milkvetch mexican mexican bedstraw mexican waterfern mexico clusters coarseG coast coats cockle cocklebur cockleburs cockleburs comprise species native coffeem coiled coins colder collected collection collections} collomia collomia contains dozen species native temperate north colloquial color colorado coloredh colorful] colorsf columbiai columbine columnaris combination combinedy upelets. E2Blackberry / Raspberry / Bramble Raspberry BrambleG ROSACEAE oftenB one-half one-third onesC onion-scented subteretek subterminalC subterraneanL subulate succulentB suffrutescent sumacF summer summitp sumpweed| sunflowerw sunken superiorA surfaceE surmounted surmounting surrounded surrounding suture sutures sweetR sweetclover sweetpea sweetrootR sweetvetch swellings swertia swollen sword-shaped 067-011M 067-012N 134d-16P SpikemossQ watsonii Watson's Spikemoss DaturaB Datura (Jimson Weed or Thornapple genus) See species description locally Jimson Weed ThornappleG SOLANACEAE The Jimson Weed genus has about 25 species of herbs with broad leaves and large trumpet-shaped or tubular flowers. They form open mounds by branching repeatedly as they grow (Photo 1). We have 2 species, neither of which is quite native here, but either of which may be found as an escape from cultivation. Sacred Datura is native from southern California across the southwest to Texas and Mexico. It has huge white flowers to 8 inches long and 5 inches across (Photo 2). Jimson Weed is nativ ed is nativ KittentailsG SCROPHULARIACEAE Kittentails is a small genus of perennials of the western mountains, excluding the Rocky Mountains. Basal leaves are dominant,, stalked, variously divided. Stem leaves are reduced in size or absent. Stems are short. Flowers are in a dense cluster at the tip of the stem, with the corolla having 4 more or less equal lobes, usually blue. Our only species is the Featherleaf Kittentails, although a second species occurs further south and west (Cutleaf Kittentials: Photo 4). The leaves are verB y different shapes 073-001M 073-002N 072-013P KittentailsQ pinnatifida laciniata R+Featherleaf Kittentails Watson's Synthyris Verbascum B buttercup gromwell speedwell cornbind cornflower corydalis corymbose corymbose cancerroot costmary cotton cottonbattings cottonbatting cudweeds cottonwood coulterq coulter fleabaneq coulter'sq coulter's daisyq clover parsnipN cowcockle coyote coyote tobacco coyote willow crabapple crabgrass crack crack willow cranesbill crazyweed creeper creepingX creeping bellflower creeping bentgrass creeping buttercup creeping collomia creeping draba creeping jenny creeping mahonia creeping milkweedX creeping spearwort creeping thistlen creeping wildrye creeping woodsorrel cress crested 2-4-chambered 2-4-lobed 2-4-toothed 2-4-valved 2-5-chambered 2-5-cleft 2-5-ribbeda 2-branchedb 2-celled 2-chamberedA 2-cleftG 2-flowered 2-lipped 2-lobedA 2-many 2-nerved 2-numerous 2-ranked 2-seeded 4-12A 4-20i 4-anglede 4-lobed 4-rayed recurvedC recurving red-brownF red-spotted red-tingeda reddishe reddish-brown reddish-orange redtop reducedG reedgrass refer oursE outerA outermost outline] outward ovarian ovariesV ovaryA ovate} ovate-lanceolate} basal perennial herbs rhizomes stems commonly branched erect aboutW aboveG abronia abronia verbena genus abruptly} absent accordance accounts accrescent acerA maple genusA achene[ achenesC achilleaY achillea yarrow genusY achlorophyllous aconitum aconitum monkshood wolfbane genus across actaea actaea baneberry genus actually alternatingV although alyssum spirodela spleenwort spottedh spotted coralroot spotted joe-pye weedr spotted knapweedh spotted lady's thumb spotted spurge sprangletop spray spreadingR spreading daisyq spreading dogbaneV spreading fleabaneq spreading sweetrootR spreading wallflower spreading wheatgrass spreading wormseed spreadingpod spreadingpod rockcress spring spring draba spring-parsleyL springbeauty springparsleyL spruce spurge spurred spurred lupine squaw squaw currant squawbush squirrel-tail squirrel-tail fescue squirreltail stansbury stansbury cliffrose stansbury rockdaisy stansbury's stansbury's rock-daisy duckweed swertia R0Bushrock Spiraea Bush Oceanspray Mountain Spray IvesiaB T. & G. Ivesia Perennial herbs with a usually stout caudex. Leaves chiefly basal, 1-2 times pinnate, the leaflets typically dissected into numerous, narrow, closely overlapping segments; stipules inconspicuous. Flowers bisexual, perigynous, usually in crowded, terminal cymes; floral tube bell- to saucer-shaped; sepals 5, arising with the petals and stamens at the summit of the floral tube, erect, persistent, alternating with bractlets; petals 5, yellow to white or purplish, linear to broadly obB ovate, often long-clawed, deciduous; stamens 5 (ours), 10, or 20; pistils 2-6 (1-15), on a low usually stiffly hairy receptacle, the ovaries superior, each with a straight, subterminal, deciduous style. Fruit of achenes. IvesiaG ROSACEAE lenticularE leonurus leonurus motherwort genus lepidium lepidium peppergrass pepperweed genus leptochloa leptochloa sprangletop genus leptodactylon leptodactylon prickly gilia genus lesquerella lesquerella bladderpod genus lessP lesser lettuce} leucelene leucopoa level levels lewis lewisia licorice light lightlyV ligule ligules ligusticumO ligusticum lovage genusO lilac oblanceolate} oblique obliquelyj obliterated oblongL oblong-ovateC obovateP obovoida obovold obpyramidal obscureP obscured obscurely[ obscuring uring well-developedP welsh western wetland wheat wheatgrass when^ whereas whetheru whicha whiteC white-spotted white-spotted whorl whorledC whorls widea widely widerj R'Saskatoon Serviceberry Common Shadbush CercocarpusB H.B.K Cercocarpus (Mountain Mahogany genus) See species description locally Mountain MahoganyG ROSACEAE Mountain Mahogany is a small genus of about 8-10 species of western North America, from Washington to southern Mexico. They are shrubs or small trees, with small evergreen leaves and hard dense wood. Leaves are usually in small bundles on short side branches, or single along new shoots. Flowers are in small clusters on spur branches, fairly inconspicuous, having 5 small sepals and no petals, but many stamens. Seeds develop individually, with a long tuft. We have one species which is a c madia madwort mahogany mahonia maideni maidenhair maidenhair maidenhair spleenwort mallow mallow ninebark mallow-leaved mallow-leaved ninebark man's mannagrass manyface manyface groundsel mapleA mapleleaf mapleleaf goosefoot marbles mare's mare's marigolde marijuana mariposa maritime maritime arrowgrass marshb marsh arrowgrass marsh asterb marsh betony marsh buttercup marsh indian paintbrush marsh marigold marsh parnassia marsh violet marsh yellowcress marsh-elder marshfire marshfire pickleweed matchweed matrimony matrimony mayweed chamomile^ mazama mazama collomia meadowp meadow barley immediately imperfectly inadequate incipient inclined irregular sheathG sheathingC sheathlike sheaths sheep shepherdia shepherdia buffaloberry genus shield shinleaf shinyE shooting shoots shortC short-awned short-beaked short-clawed bisexualA bitterbrush bittercress blackR black-tipped blackberry blackish] bladder bladder-like bladderpod bladdery-inflated blade bladelessG bladesC blazing bleedingheart blisterlike blisters rarelyB raspberry ratherq raysL reaches readilyx recently receptacleC receptacularc recommendq rarely@ readily recurved@ reflexed@ reticulate@ robust@ rose-purple@ ruppia@ saline saltbush same@ scape@ season secondary family description locally species description locally seed@ seeds segments@ sessile@ several-nerved sheath@ short short-hairy@ showy shrubs branches erect spreading prostrate unarmed side@ sinuses@ small@ soft@ sometimes@ somewhat@ species spelling@ spine@ spurred@ staminal@ staminal@ spine@ spurred@ staminal@ unequally@ united@ usually utricle@ visible@ well-developed@ white-spotted@ wilted@ with@ withering@ within@ year@ number[ numbers numerousB nutlets nutlike[ nuttalliiP o'clock oatgrass obcordate irregularlyE isatis isatis dyer's genus isoetes isoetes quillwort genus issuing sumpweed povertyweed genus| ivesia jacob's jamesia japan jasmine jimson joe-pyer john's johnston joined jointed joints juiceZ juicy junction juncture juncus juncus genus juniper juniperus juniperus juniper genus juvenile kalmia kalmia laurel genus keeled keels rocky mountain clematis rocky mountain draba rocky mountain juniper rocky mountain mapleA rocky mountain parnassia rocky mountain pleated gentian rocky mountain sedge rocky mountain spurge rocky mountain willowherb rocky mountain woodsia rose] heath pussytoes] sedge ross's ross's avens rosy] gilia indian paintbrush pussytoes] rothrock's rothrock's currant roughf rough bedstraw rough bluegrass rough brickellbushf rough bugleweed rough cinquefoil rough fiddleneck roughpod roughpod yellowcress rover rover bellflower rubberl rubber rabbitbrushl beautiful shooting bebb's bebb's willow beckwith beckwith milkvetch beckwith's beckwith's violet groundweed bedstraw beeplant beggartickse begonia bellflower bells belvedere belvedere summer cypress bentgrass bering bering chickweed bering chickweed bermuda bermuda grass betony bicknell bicknell cranesbill bienniala biennial cinquefoil biennial evening primrose biennial lettuce} biennial wormwooda sagebrusha bigelow's bigelow's aster bigflowered bigflowered collomia bigleafc auricles auriculate-clasping auriculatec autumn avena avena genus avens awl-shaped awn-tip awn-tipped awnedv awnless awnlike awnse axillaryA axisP backC nectaryW needlegrass needlelike neither nemophila nepeta nervedq nerveless nerves nettle neverb nicotiana nicotiana tobacco genus nightshade ninebark nodding[ nodes non-cultivated non-palatable non-rhizomatous non-sheathing non-stigmatic nonaromatic nonea nonfunctional nonresinous normally northu notch notched sameA samphire sandbur sandspurry sandwort sandy sanguisorba saponaria saponaria soapwort genus saprophytic sarcobatus sarcobatus greasewood genus sarrachoides saucer saucer-shaped^ saxatile saxifraga saxifraga saxifrage genus saxifragaceae saxifrage scabrous scale scalelike scalesb scaly separateu separated[ separatelyn series[ serrateR sessileV pink-tinged pinkish pinnae pinnateG pinnatelyA pinnatifidj pinus pinus genus pipsissewa preferu present^ prickles prickly prickly-bristly} primary principal` processes[ progressively} projections prominent prominentlyG proposeu prostrate protuberancesP pseudoscapesL pubescenceq pubescentF punctatea pungent pungent-tippedE purpleE purple-brownx purple-tingedE pustulose-based pyramidal quadrangular racemesA overlappingA ovoidL oxalis oxalis woodsorrel genus oxyria oxytropis oxytropis crazyweed genus oysterplant pachistima paintbrush pairedV pairs palatable palate palea palea parallelG parasitic parent parted partial partially| bristlelike bristlesZ bristlyR bristly-hairy brittle broadG broadened broaderG broadlyG brome bromus bromus brome chess genus brookgrass broomrape brown] brown-spotted buckthorn buckwheat buffaloberry bugleweed bugseed bulblet-bearing carpels carpophoreG cassini'su cattle caudex caudices] caulineR cause cavities center^ centralP chaffyZ BrackenQ aquilinum Bracken Fern WoodsiaB R. Br. Woodsia Small to medium-sized, deciduous ferns of mostly dry rocky places, from short rhizomes covered with yellowish to dark brown scales and bearing numerous old petiole bases. Leaves tufted, 1-3 times pinnate; petioles dark red-brown below, pale above, slender and wiry to moderately stout; blades thin to leathery. Sori round, developing along the veins; indusium arising from below the sori, consisting of individual septate hairs, often with a beaded appearance, or of a small sac spliB tting from the center at maturity to form a star-shaped structure with slender spreading segments, these often obliterated or inconspicuous at maturity. WoodsiaG POLYPODIACEAE midnervel midrib midstem midvein midveins might milkvetch milkweedX milkwort milkyZ mimulus mimulus monkeyflower genus minutej minutely] mirabilis mirabilis o'clock genus mistletoe mitella mitella miterwort genus miterwort mixed moderately` morphological finef finely fingergrass firm] firmer first flanked flaplike flared flaring flatF flat-toppedW flatsedge flattenedL flatwise flaxflower fleabaneq flecked fleece flower fleur-de-lis flixweed flower flower-of-an-hour foothilla foothill death camas foothill sagea phacelia four-wing four-wing saltbush fourstamen fourstamen tamarisk fourwing fourwing saltbush bluegrass mannagrass foxtail foxtail wheatgrass fragrant fragrant verbena fremont fremont goosefoot fremont groundsel fremont's fremont's cottonwood fringe-cup fringe-cup o'clock fringecup fringecup woodland fringed fringed brome fringed grass-of-parnassus fringed loosestrife year's years yellowF yellow-green yellowcress yellowishG yellowish-white young zannichellia zannichellia grasswrack genus zigadenus zigadenus death camas genus zygadenus alder alkali alkali heath alkali alkaligrass alumroot alyssum amaranth anchusa angelica apera apple arabidopsis arnica arrowgrass arrowhead asparagus aspen aspidotis aster avens balsamroot baneberry barberry barley barnyard racemosea racemosely rachilla rachis radiallyA radiata radish ragweed[ range ranging ranksl ranunculus ranunculus buttercup crowfoot genus raphanus raphanus radish genus rare1y pistilA pistillateE pistilsC pitted placedk places placing plagiobothrys plagiobothrys popcorn flower genus plainly planoconvex plant plantago plantago plantain genus plantainC plantsZ plectritis pletely plumosen plump bluegrass genus poisonous polanisia pollen pollinated pollinia polygamousA polymorphic popcorn poppy pores le-tingedE racemose@ scurfpea dunhead dunhead sedge dusky dusky willow dustyi dustymaideni dwarf dwarf bilberry dwarf catseye dwarf draba dwarf fireweed dwarf goldenrod dwarf huckleberry dwarf lewisia dwarf ninebark dwarf pondweed dwarf spikerush dyer's dyer's early early coralroot early indian paintbrush eastern eastern groundcherry eatonn eaton fleabaneq eaton thistlen eaton'sb eaton's asterb eaton's daisyq edible edible valerian eglantine elder elderberry elegant elegant cinquefoil elegant death camas elephant elephant elephanthead elephanthead lousewort sedge thistlen elkweed elodea emersed emersed asterb drupe@ ebracteate@ ellipsoid@ entire@ entirely@ erect-appressed@ erose except@ family@ fine@ fleshy@ flower flowers@ folded@ fringed@ fruit@ fused fusiform@ genera generally@ genus glabrous glacier gland-dotted globose@ grass@ greenish grooved grouping gynobase@ hair@ headlike@ hemispheric herbaceous herbs@ herein hibiscus@ horsetail@ ascending hibiscus@ horsetail@ horsetail@ prostrate ascending horsetail@ prostrate ascending horsetail@ cending horses@ horses@ principa@ perennial rarely annual aromatic herbs rhizomes leav@ persistent@ pink-purple@ pistil@ portion@ purplish@ basallyC baseA based bearingW becoming[ behind bell-shapedV bellshaped belowG particulate partition partlyq parts pastinacaS pastinaca parsnip genusS patienceq pattern patterned payne[ pear-shaped pearlwort pearly\ peasQ peavine pedicel pedicelled pedicelsC pedicularis pedicularis lousewort genus peduncle peduncled peduncles peelings peglike pellaea pellaea cliffbrake genus pellitory peltate pendent pendulous pennycress penstemon penstemon beardtongue genus peppergrass pepperweed mountain sorrel mountain spray mountain spring-parsleyL mountain strawberry mountain tarweed mountain townsendia mountain valerian mountain willow mouse-ear mouse-ear chickweed mouse-ear cress mousetail shasta sedge mudwort muhly muhly scratchgrass mulesear mullein muskg monkeyflower mustard thistleg mustard muttongrass najad naked naked water milfoil narrow-leaved narrow-leaved somewhatG sonchus sonchus sowthistle genus sonewhat sorbus sorbus mountain genus sorghum sorrel sorus southu sowthistle spacedP sparganium sparganium genus sparingly sparselyW spartina spartina cordgrass genus spathe speciesD specimenp fruitA fruiting[ fruits fumaria fumaria fumitory genus fumitory funnel-shaped funnelformW furrowed fusedF purplish purshia purshia bitterbrush genus purslane pussytoes] pustulose-based pyramidal pyrola pyrola wintergreen shinleaf genus quadrangular quercus quercus genus quillwort rabbitbrushl raceme racemesA structureW structures stylar styleB stylesA suborbicularR subplumose` subrhizomatousz subscaposeL subsessileV subshrubsf subshrubs shrubs small trees deciduous evergreen erect subtendedE subtending[ 5-10v 5-10-nerved` 5-12-lobed[ 5-13-nerved 5-56} 5-7-nerved 5-8-lobedB 5-9-nerved 5-angledX 5-chambered 5-cleft 5-floweredl 5-lobedF 5-many 5-many-nerved 5-merous 5-nerved 5-numerous 5-toothed 5-valved 6-angled 6-numerous 7-11-nerved abortion abortive sideL sides silene silene campion catchfly genus silicle silicles silique silky similar simpleA simulating singleC singly sinus 1-many 1-nerved 1-numerousp 1-seededE 1-severalG 1-several-nerved} 10-15-ribbedz 10-20-ribbedp 10-25C 10-30 10-30-nerved 10-80f 10-nerved 10-numerous 10-ribbedZ 17-30 terete[ terminalA ternateG ternatelyA terrestrial tetrapetala texture thalli thalloid thanG annual perennial taprooted herbs rarely subshrubs annual perennial herbs shrubs small trees herbage annual perennial herbs stems 1-many erect decumbent annual perennial taprooted herbs herbage usually hairy annual perennial taprooted herbs usually milky juicep annually annuals annuals perennials sheaths often compressed annuals perennials sheaths throughout closed annuals perennials stems erect prostrate herbage often annuals perennials sheaths blades perennial herbs shrubs small trees herbage perennial herbs shrubs small trees herbage Jacob's LadderQEfoliosissimum micranthum occidentale pulcherrimum viscosum caeruleum Leafy Jacob's Ladder Leafy Jacobsladder Littlebells Polemonium Annual Jacobsladder Western Jacob's Ladder Blue Jacobsladder Skunkweed Skunkleaf Pretty Jacob's Ladder Sticky Sky Pilot Skypilot Viscid Jacobsladder lA EriogonumB Michx. Eriogonum (Wild Buckwheat genus) Annual to perennial herbs or small shrubs; herbage usually woolly-hairy to some degree. Leaves alternate or whorled, entire or nearly so; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, jointed at the base to a short slender pedicel, clustered within and ultimately exserted from a sessile or stalked, top- to bell-shaped, (3) 5-10 (12)-toothed or lobed involucre, the involucrate flower clusters aggregated in simple or compound umbels, racemes or panicl Sweet WilliamG POLEMONIACEAE Many species of Phlox have brightly colored flowers and have been brought into cultivation: the name is taken directly from the Greek for flame. There are 50-60 species of herbs in North America and northern Asia. Our species are perennials. Leaves are mostly opposite, with an intact outline and only one leaflet. Flowers are borne in clusters at the ends of stems and branches, though the clusters may have only one flower. They can be very showy, with a narrow tube flaring out sharply into r 5 broad lobes in white, pink, purple, lavender, blue or red. Of our species Hood's Phlox is uncommon, found only in the high alpine; elsewhere it has a wide elevaional range. Cushion Phlox is also an alpine plant, but more easily found if you are able to hike a bit. Long-leaf Phlox is a spring flower of lower elevations, a common plant in the valleys and foothills. foldedc foliaceousL folliclesV following forget-me-not form[ forming forms forward fourth foxtail fragaria fragaria strawberry genus fragileq fragmenting frankenia franseria[ frasera freeA freelyW frequentlya fringe front frost morphologyj mosquito mosta mostlyF motherwort mountainZ mountains mouth muchL much-branched mudwort muhlenbergia muhlenbergia muhlygrass genus muhlygrass mulesears mullein multiple mustard myosurus myriophyllum myrtleW najas najas waternymph genus naturalu natureq nearG nearlyC Phlox (Sweet William genus) Annual or (ours) perennial herbs from a taproot or occasionally from fibrous roots; stems sometimes woody near the base, 1-several and erect to ascending or tufted and sprawling, sometimes mat-forming. Leaves opposite, sessile and often basally fused, or the uppermost alternate, entire, and in some species needlelike, frequently with whorls of secondary leaves in the axils of the primary ones. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, usually terminal, somet imes aggregated into flat-topped panicles; calyx tube with herbaceous segments alternating witn membranous ones, ruptured by the developing fruit, the teeth subequal, often pungent tipped; corolla salverform, white or pink to red or some shade of blue; stamens arising at different levels in the corolla tube, included or partly exserted; style 1, the stigmas 3. Capsule ovoid to oblong, seeds 1-several in each chamber. AlkaligrassQ distans fasciculata nuttalliana R=European Alkaligrass Torrey Alkaligrass American Alkaligrass SclerochloaB Beauv. Sclerochloa See species description locally E HardgrassG POACEAE AhHardgrass is Hardgrass, a genus with a single member, a low annual inadvertently imported from Eurasia. P HardgrassQ Hardgrass SecaleB Secale See species description locally POACEAE AHRye is a small genus (5 species) containing both annuals and perennials. cereale SetariaB Beauv. coarse coarsely] cobblestone cobweblike cocklebur coherent[ coiled coiling collinsia collomia colonial color coloreds columbine columnX columnar comandra coming} commissureG commonlyV compacts complete complete-septate completely composed compoundA within withoutX wolfbane wolfberry wolffia wolffia watermeal genus woodland woodreed woodrush woodsia woodsorrel woodyB woody-based woollya woolly-hairy workersu wormwooda wrinkled wyethia wyethia mulesears genus xanthium xanthium cocklebur genus xanthocephalum xanthocephalum matchweed genus yampahT yarrowY globosev glochids glory glossy glume glumes glutinousn glyceria glyceria mannagrass genus glycyrrhiza glycyrrhiza licorice genus gnaphaliums gnaphalium cudweed everlasting genuss goatgrass goatsbeard goldeny goldeneye goldenrod goldenweedu goodyera gooseberry goosefoot goosegrass graduallyp graduatedl grainlike granular grape reasewood greatly greenC green-membranous| green-spotted green-tippedb thisk thistleg thlaspi thlaspi pennycress genus thornapple thorns thoseG thoughq thoughoutl threadlikeG three three-awn throatW through[ throughout[ tickweed timesG timothy tinged tipped tipsG include[ included incomplete-septate incompletely inconspicuousF inconspicuously inconstant incurvedz indehiscentE indian indistinct indistinctly individualZ individually individuals indusium inferiorB inflated inflorescenceG irregular scapeZ scapesZ scaposeC scapose subscapose perennials taproot speciesL scarcelyP scars scattered schizocarp scirpus scirpus bulrush genus sclerochloa scorpionweed scorzonella scouring scrambled scrophularia scrophularia figwort genus scurfpea scurfy seapurslaneB season season's secale second secondaryB spinen spine-tipped spinelike[ spines[ spiny[ spiny-toothed spirally spiranthes spiranthes ladies tresses genus spirodela spirodela ducksmeat genus spleenwort split splittingA spoiled spongy spoon-shaped| sporobolus sporobolus dropseed genus sprangletop sprawling spreadingF spreading-ascendingX spreadinq springbeauty springparsleyL sprouts spruce spurge staminateE staminodes statesX stellate stemZ stem-clasping ebracteate[ echinochloa echinochloa barnyard grass genus echinocystis echinocystis cucumber genus ecological edgeA edges edible either elderberry eleocharis eleocharis spikerush genus eleusine eleusine goosegrass genus elevations elongateC elongated elongatingL elymus emended[ emergentC emerging emphasisq enclosed enclosing[ endocarp enlarged GRlTall Fescue Squirrel-tail Fescue Rat-tail Fescue Six-weeks Fescue Sheep Fescue Meadow Fescue Bearded Fescue GlyceriaB R. Br. Glyceria (Mannagrass genus) Wetland to aquatic perennials, generally rhizomatous; stems erect or decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaf sheaths closed, in some species throughout their length, the lowermost often septate, the blades flat or folded, usually broad; ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence an open and often drooping to compact and erect panicle or raceme, spikelets 3-14-flowered, dorsiventrally to somewhat laterally compressed often purple Lor purple-tinged, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes unequal, shorter than the first lemma, usually thin and 1-nerved; lemmas firm, broadly ovate or obovate, rounded on the back with (5)7-9 prominent, parallel nerves not converging at the often somewhat erose apex; palea often slightly longer than the lemma; stamens 2 or 3. grass alismaC grass pondweed grass-of-parnassus grave-myrtle grayb asterb groundsel horsebrush kentrophyta molly thistlen gray's gray's pepperplant grayleaf grayleaf willow graylocks graymolly greasewood great great basin centaury great basin wildrye A DanthoniaB DC. in Lam. & DC. Danthonia (Oatgrass genus) Tutted perennials. Leaf sheaths open, the blades narrow, flat or inrolled; ligule a ring of short hairs; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a few-flowered, open to contracted panicle or raceme (often reduced to a single spikelet in D. unispicata); spikelets several-flowered, at least 1 cm long (ours), disarticulating above the glumes; glumes broadly lanceolate, subequal, the first often longer than the second, both generally exceeding the body of the uppermost lance-ovoid lanceolateC lappula lappula stickweed genus lapsana larch largeV largely larger largest larix larix larch genus larkspur later latera1 lateralG laterallyA lathyrus lathyrus sweetpea peavine genus leafletsR leaflike leafy leafy-bracteate least[ diadelphous diameter dicentra dicentra bleedingheart genus dichotomous dichotomously didymous didynamous differq difference differencesj differentk differentiated difficultq diffusely digitaria digitaria crabgrass genus dilated dimorphice dingy dioeciousA diplotaxis diplotaxis wallrocket genus dipsacus dipsacus teasel genus directed american sloughgrass american speedwell american threesquare american vetch american anemone anemone angel's angel's trumpet angelicaG anne'sM annualZ annual agoserisZ annual bluegrass annual catchfly annual hairgrass annual jacobsladder annual paintbrush annual samphire annual wheatgrass antelopeX antelope bitterbrush antelope hornsX apera apple arctic arctic anemone arctic pearlwort arctic arctic sandwort arctic willow arctic windflower arizona arizona bluebells armed armed prickly poppy arnica` arrowgrass arrowhead arrowhead groundsel arrowleaf arrowleaf balsamrootc arrowleaf groundsel arrowleaf thelypody asparagus aspen Tall Oatgrass AvenaB Avena (Oats genus) Robust annuals. Leaf sheaths open, the blades flat; ligule membranous, short; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a usually large, open, drooping panicle; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, (ours) 17-30 mm long, disarticulating above the glumes; florets bisexual or sometimes the uppermost rudimentary; glumes subequal, longer than the first floret and often exceeding the uppermost; lemmas hardened (toward the base) at maturity, mostly 1-2 cm long, 5-9-nerved, sometimes obscurelB y so, awned from about midlength, the awn varying from stout, twisted, and abruptly bent to small and straight or occasionally lacking. OatsG POACEAE withC withered withering berry berrylikeB berulaH berula water parsnip genusH beset betteru betula betula birch genus betweenA beyond bidense bidens beggarticks genuse biennialb biennial perennial herbs occasionally flowering first bifidG bilaterally bilobed bimaculata bindweed bipinnatelyk bipinnatifidu birch birdsbeak biscuitrootP bisexua1 bisexua1 toothedG top-shaped` towardG townsendia toxic toxicityX traditionally[ tragopogon tragopogon goatsbeard salsify oysterplant genus PINACEAE Larches are unusual conifers in that their leaves are deciduous. A single species, not native to our area, has survived its escape from cultivation. LarchQ occidentalis ROWestern Larch Montana Larch Mountain Larch Tamarack Hakmatack Western Tamarack PiceaB 294C A. Dietr. Picea (Spruce genus) Evergreen trees with pyramidal crowns; bark thin and scaly; twigs with persistent peglike leaf bases, glabrous or pubescent; winter buds blunt, not usually resinous. Leaves spirally arranged, firm to rigid, linear, quadrangular in cross section, typically acute and sometimes pungent at the apex, the resin ducts 1 or 2 (seen in cross section), 1 on either side of the central vascular bundle. Cones produced on the previous year's growth; male cones borne in leaf axi medium-sized genus species mouse-ear chickweeds suture, r robust rockcress rocky rootz rootingW rootless rootsC rootstocks rorippa rorippa yellowcress genus genus roseC rough rough-barkedc roughened round roundedC rudiment rudimentary| ruptured saclike saline salmon salverformW stylopodiumG suaeda suaeda seepweed inkweed genus sub-circular subcylindricZ subdivided subentire subequalZ subequallyn subgloboseF subhemispheric| herbs subobsolete subopposite suborbicularR subplumose` subrhizomatousz subsalverform subscaposeL subsessileV subshrubsf subshrubs shrubs small trees deciduous evergreen erect subtendedE subtending[ segmentsG segregatedj selaginella selaginella spikemoss genus selfheal senecio senecio groundsel butterweed genus sepal sepalsA separateu separated[ separatelyn separating separation septa septate septum series[ serrateR serviceberry long-taperedb long-woolly longer} longer-stalked longitudinale longitudinally lonicera lonicera honeysuckle genus looseR looselyi loosestrife losses lousewort lovageO lovegrass low-conicG low-convexx lowerG lowermostx lowlands lunaria lupine lupinus lupinus lupine genus luzula luzula woodrush genus lychnis lychnis whitecockle genus lycium lycium wolfberry desert-thorn genus lycopus Qbadunca beckwithii canadensis nephrophylla nuttallii odorata palustris purpurea tricolor arvensis Blue Violet Beckwith's Violet Western Pansy Violet Canada White Violet Bog Violet Yellow Prairie Violet Nuttall's Violet Sweet Violet Garden Violet English Violet Marsh Violet Goosefoot Violet Pine Violet Pansy Field Pansy ArceuthobiumB Bieb. Arceuthobium (Dwarf Mistletoe genus) See species description locally Dwarf MistletoeG VISCACEAE upwards. There are usually darker lines that serve as a guide for nectar-seeking insects. Seeds are contained in a small capsule which opens explosively. We have 10 species, most of them native to the area: Blue or purple: Blue and Sweet violets; Yellow: Nuttall's and Goosefoot violets; White: Canada, Meadow and Marsh violets; becoming white Prickly PoppyG PAPAVERACEAE NPrickly Poppy is a small genus of about 30 species of annuals, native to the Americas and Hawaii. Plants are prickly with yellow or orange juice. Flowers grow singly at the ends of stems and branches, and have many separate stamens. The 4 or 6 large white petals are shed after pollination. Seed pods are large, covered in spines. Prickly PoppyQ munita R"Prickly Poppy Armed Prickly Poppy AbiesB fleshyP fleshy-fibrous fleur-de-lis flexible flexuous floatingC floerkea floral floret florets floricanes flowerE flower-bearing flowered[ floweringF lithospermum lithospermum stoneseed gromwell puckoon genus littlew livestock lloydia lobedA perennial herbs onionlike bulbs rhizomes stems nnial herbs onionlike bulbs rhizomes stems nnial herbs onionlike bulbs rhizomes stems nnial herbs onionlike bulbs rhizomes stems nnial herbs onionlike bulbs rhizomes stems perennial herbs rhizomes stems commonly branched erect perennial herbs rhizomes these sometimes bearing tubers perennial herbs rhizomes fibrous roots herbage perennial herbs often rhizomatous herbage glabrous pubesc great basin centaury greater@ hairyseed@ heliotrope@ hutchins@ indian hemp@ john's@ lace-fern@ laurel lesser lesser periwinkle@ little@ lobeleaf groundsel@ hawksbeard pussytoes@ madia@ matvetch@ meadow death camas michaux's@ mountain@ mountain sorrel@ narrowleaf@ nodding beggarticks@ old-man's@ onespike oatgrass oregon checkermallow@ parish's@ pigweed@ plantain@ prickly@ purplebloom@ red-berried@ richardson's fleabane@ rocky mountain clematis@ running-myrtle@ sandberry@ seapurslane@ serrate shortstyle@ siskiyou@ slender dodder small@ crowdedE crowfoot crown^ crowned crowns cryptanth cryptantha cryptantha cryptanth cat's genus cryptogramma cucumber cudweeds cultivated cultivation cup-shaped cuplike[ currant current curvedW curving cuscuta cuscuta dodder genus cyathia cyathium cylindricR cymesV cymopterusL cymopterus springparsley genusL dritic dense denselyi describeq description[ descriptions developedL developingV Common Evening Primrose Biennial Evening Primrose Tufted Evening Primrose Morning-lily Handkerchief Plant Hooker's Evening Primrose Pale Evening Primrose Yellow Evening-Primrose BotrychiumB Botrychium (Grape Fern genus) See species description locally Grape FernG OPHIOGLOSSACEAE The Moonwort genus has about 25 species, most of which occur all around the world. Only 1 is known to occur here, its identity now being reviewed. Grape FernQ lunaria R Moonwort CorallorhizaB Chat. acute[ acutish adapted addition adherentV adhering adiantum adiantum maidenhair genus adjoining adonis aegilops aegilops goatgrass genus affected afterL agastache agastache giant hyssop genus aggregated agoserisZ agoseris mountain dandelion genusZ agreementu agrohordeum agropyron agropyron wheatgrass genus agrositanion agrostis agrostis redtop bentgrass genus ajacis alder alignedl alike alismaC alisma water plantain genusC alkaligrass alternatingV although always alyssum branchy branchy groundsmoke brandegee brandegee onion brewer brewer sedge brewer's brewer's cliffbrake brickellbushf bristlegrass bristly bristly crowfoot bristly nootka brittle brittle bladder brittle brittle prickly broad-leaved broad-leaved cattail broad-leaved clarkia broad-leaved twayblade broadleaf` broadleaf arnica` broadleaf knotweed broadleaf penstemon broadleaf pepperweed broadleaf plantain brome broncograss brook brook cinquefoil brook saxifrage brookgrass brooklime broom broom huckleberry broom seepweed broom snakeweed broomcorn broomcorn millet broomrape starwort calyxeye calyxeye starwort camas camissonia campion canadan branchedG branchesC branching branchlets brassica brassica mustard genus breaking brickellbushf brickelliaf brickellia brickellbush genusf bridges brightE brightly bristle bristle-like bristlegrass branched@ bristlelike@ bulblets@ calystegia@ capsella capsules@ cattle@ chaffy chamber@ chimaphila@ circumscissile@ clusters@ compressed@ concave confined conic@ coral-like@ cornus@ crest crowded@ cymose@ degree@ description@ descurainia diadelphous@ diplotaxis directly@ dodder@ dodder@ often trees poll@ directly@ unequally uniform uniformly unilateral unilaterally unique uniseriate` unisexualA unispicata unitedA unless unlike unlobed unnotched unpaired unquestionablyq unseasonal untilu upper[ uppermostG upward] urn-shaped urtica urtica nettle genus GauraG ONAGRACEAE Gaura is a small genus of about 20 North American species, annual, biennial or perennial. Some of them are quite decorative, and grown in gardens. They are herbs, sometimes tall and straggly, somewhat resembling the lettuces of the Sunflower family. A distinctive feature of their flowers is that the 4 petals are usually clustered in the top of a circle, while the stamens and style hang below (not obvious in the photos of our Lizard Tail which has unusually small flowers). Seed capsules B#are spindle-shaped, 1/2 inch long. GauraQ parviflora Lizard Tail Willow Gaura GayophytumB Juss. thatX 009-034M 009-032N 009-033P LousewortQ)groenlandica racemosa bracteosa parryi RJElephanthead Lousewort Elephant Head Parrotbeak Lousewort Leafy Lousewort Penstemon B Mitch. Penstemon (Beardtongue genus) Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves chiefly opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, entire or toothed to rarely pinnatifid, those on the lower portion of the plant petioled, those of midstem and above sessile. Flowers in short-peduncled cymes arising from leaf axils, or occasionally some or all the cymes reduced to a single flower; calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base; corolla slightly to strongly 2-lipped; fertile stamens 4, didynamous, the 2 anther sacs fused B only near their tips, a fifth stamen represented by a well-developed, often bearded, sterile filament (staminode); stigma small, globose. Capsule many-seeded. mily. 009-034M 009-032 imbricate immediately@ include@ inconspicuous infrequently@ intact@ irregularly@ lance-ovoid@ latter@ leathery@ leaves ledum@ lenticular@ lightly lily@ lithospermum@ lobes@ locally locoweed long-tapered@ lycopus water horehound bugleweed genus@ machaeranthera margins@ membranous@ midnerve@ modified@ morphology@ mulesears naked@ nearly nectary@ number@ oblanceolate@ obsolete@ occurring@ often@ only@ orange ours@ over@ palmately@ papery@ particulate@ peduncle perennial herbs rhizomes these sometimes bearing tubers@ perennial annual herbs shrubs stems erect decumbent@ infrequently ingestion initially inkweed innerA inrolled inrolling insects ested interlaced intermediate intermixed intermountain internally internationalu internode internodes interpretationu interspersedE intervals intoA intramarginal intruded intrusion inverted invested invoiucre involucelG involucral[ involucrate involucreG involucres inward irregular apiculate apiculate-tipped aplopappusu apocynumV apocynum dogbane genusV apparently appear appearance appearingB appearsa appendageW appendage-like appendaged[ appendagesV apple appressed appressed-hairyi appressed-imbricate aquaticC aquilegia aquilegia columbine genus arabidopsis arabis arabis rockcress genus arceuthobium arceuthobium dwarf mistletoe genus arctium_ arctium burdock genus_ arctostaphylos arctostaphylos manzanita genus onlyD species locallyD onopordum onopordum cotton thistle genus opening[ opposing oppositeA opuntia opuntia prickly genus genus opuntia opuntia prickly genus Twisted-stalkG LILIACEAEP Twisted-stalkQ amplexifolius R*Whitemandarin Twisted-stalk Cucumber-root A TriteleiaB Dougl. ex Lindl. Triteleia See species description locally E TriteleiaG LILIACEAEP TriteleiaQ grandiflora Bluedicks Wild Hyacinth VeratrumB Veratrum (False hellebore genus) See species description locally False HelleboreG LILIACEAEP False HelleboreQ californicum R(False Hellebore Corn Lily Skunk Cabbage A ZigadenusB Michx. angelicaG angelica angelica genusG angle angledk anglesR animals annualE annual perennial herbs shrubs leaves alternate usually annual perennial herbs stems triangular terete usually annual perennial herbs stems usually trailing climbing annual perennial herbs branched caudex surmounting cymoseB cynodon cynoglossum cynoglossum hound's tongue beggar's genus cyperus cyperus flatsedge genus cypress cypripedium cypripedium lady's slipper genus cystopteris cystopteris bladder genus dactylis dactylis orchard grass genus dactyloctenium daisyd dandelionZ dangerous danthonia danthonia oatgrass genus dark] dark-veined darker daucusM daucus carrot genusM deadnettle death deciduousW decumbentX decumbent-based decurrentn deeplyW definitive deflexed heliotrope hellebore helleborine hemlockJ hemlock water-parsnipU hempV henbane henbit heronsbill hoary hoary aster hoary tansyaster holboell holboell rockcress holly hollyhock holosteum clover honesty honeysuckle sedge hood's hood's phlox hooded hooded ladies tresses hooker'sc hooker's balsamrootc hooker's evening primrose clover horehound horned horned pondweed hornsX hornwort horse-nettle horsebrush horsemint horsenettle horsetail horseweed hound's hound's tongue houndstonguez houndstongue hawkweedz huckleberry hummingbird hummingbird flower hungarian tuberculate tuberosum tuberous tubersP tubes tubular] tuftV tufted] tuftsW turions turkeyQ turningZ tutinj tuttW tutted twayblade twice twigs twinlike twinpod twisted twisted-stalk twistflower typically] ultimateG ultimately umbellate umbelletL umbelletsP umbelsG unarmed unawned unbranchedZ sinusesG sisymbrium sisyrinchium sisyrinchium blue-eyed grass genus sitanion sitanion squirreltail genus sites situated siumU water parsnip genusU skeletonweed slenderC slightly] slipper slits ferns short elongate small medium-sized deciduous ferns mostly rocky small medium-sized mostly evergreen ferns scaly smaller smootha 2-severalE 2-toothed 2-valved 20-30 20-40 othedz 3-50z 3-7-nerved 3-angledc 3-chambered 3-flowered 3-lobed 3-manyf 3-nerved 3-valved 4-12A 4-20i 4-anglede common hornwort common common juniper common common mare's common monkeyflower common motherwort common mountain juniper common paintbrush common pearly everlasting\ common pepperwort common plantain common prickly common ragweed[ common common rockcress common sagebrusha common scouring common milkwort common selfheal common shadbush common silverweed common sneezeweedv common sowthistle common speedwell common spikerush common john's common johnswort common stonecrop common sunflowerx common threesquare common toadflax common common twinpod common velvetgrass common water plantainC common yampaT common yarrowY common yellowcress coneflower coralroot cordgrass cordroot cordroot penstemon Cqlose in regular concentric rows, the papillae sharp to rounded, usually more pronounced dorsally than laterally. Campion Catchfly Wild PinkG CARYOPHYLLACEAE The Catchfly genus is the largest in its family, containing about 500 species from across the Northern Hemisphere. Also known as Campion or Wild Pink. Flowers are highly distinctive. Five sepals are fused at their edges to form a membranous bladder. Petals may or may not be long enough to emerge from the opening. Sometimes, when they do, they protrude as long ragged, colorful tongues which make them attractive in the garden. We have 5 native species ranging from the foothills to alpine, e of the ovary; styles 3 (4 or 5). Capsule 1 (2-5)-chambered, opening by 3-5 entire to apically bifid valves (3-10 teeth); seeds numerous, mostly more or less kidney-shaped, dorsally flat to rounded, papil annual perennial taprooted herbs usually milky juice annuals perennials stems erect prostrate herbage often annuals perennials sheaths blades annuals stems erect simple branched herbage bristly-hairy@ apiculate@ armed@ asperugo assigned@ auricles@ axils@ backs basally@ bases@ bellshaped@ berry@ bisexual@ black bloom@ bracteate@ bisexual@ black@ bloom@ bracteate@ bisexual@ black@ bloom@ bracteate@ bisexual@ black@ bloom@ bracteate@ bisexual@ black@ bloom@ bracteate@ bisexual@ black@ blisters@ bracteate@ pouched pouches povertyweed| preface preferu prehensile present^ previous prickle prickles prickly prickly-bristly} primaryB primocanes primrose primula primula primrose genus principal` problems processes[ procumbent produce produced proetrate puckered punctatea pungent pungent-tippedE purpleE purple-brownx purple-red purple-tingedE spurred squirreltail stachys stalk stalk-like stalked stalklikeW stamenB stamensA stemZ stem-clasping bulblets bulblike bulbous bulbs bulrush bundle burdock_ burlike[ buttercup butterweed c-shaped calamagrostis calamagrostis reedgrass genus called callitriche callitriche water starwort genus callus calochortus calochortus mariposa genus caltha caltrop calyces cannot 1-2.4 1-20B 1-20-chamberedB 1-3-nerved 1-5-nerved 1-chamberedC 1-flowered 8-numerous abandoned abies abies genus abortion abortive abandoned abortion abortive syrian syrian mustard syrian szowitz szowitz alyssum tailcup tailcup lupine tall} lettuce} fescue oatgrass trisetum wheatgrass tamarack tamarisk tamarix tansy tansyaster tapertipp tapertip hawksbeardp tapertip onion tarragon tarweed tarweed fiddleneck tasselflower tatarican tatarican honeysuckle tealeaf tealeaf willow teasel ternateP ternate lomatiumP texas texas thistle thelypody thick thick groundsel thickleaf thickleaf sweetpea thickspike thickspike wheatgrass thickstemb thickstem asterb thimbleberry thistleg thorn thorn apple thorny thorny horsebrush threadleafP threadleaf lomatiumP threadleaf scorpionweed thymeleaf E5ften tailed to merely apiculate at one or both ends. RushG JUNCACEAEK RushQaarcticus bufonius confusus drummondii ensifolius longistylis mertensianus parryi regelii torreyi Wiregrass Arctic Rush Toad Rush Colorado Rush Perplexing Rush Drummond Rush Swordleaf Rush Longstyle Rush Subalpine Rush Merten's Rush Parry Rush Regel Rush Regel's Rush Torrey Rush LuzulaB lly (but best seen in cross section) as periodic horizontal ridges extending all the way (complete-septate) or only part of the way (incomplete-septate) across the blade, often the blade of at least the lowermost sheath reduced and bristlelike or lacking; in some species the membranous margins of the sheath prolonged upward at the junction of blade and sheath into rounded projections (auricles), these sometimes fused across the blade to form a ligule. Inflorescence progressively} projections prolonged prominent prominentlyG promptly pronounced proposeu prostrate protrude protuberance protuberancesP prow-shaped prunella prunella selfheal genus prunus prunus cherry stone-fruit genus pseudoscapesL pseudotsuga pseudotsuga douglas genus psilocarphus psoralea psoralea scurfpea genus pteridium pteridium bracken genus pubescenceq pungent pungent-tippedE purpleE purple-brownx purple-red purple-tingedE cattle caudex caudices] caulineR cause caused causes causing cavities ceanothus ceanothus lilac genus cedar celtis celtis hackberry genus cenchrus cenchrus sandbur genus centaureah centaurea knapweed genush centaurium centaurium centaury genus centaury center^ centralP cerastium cerastium chickweed genus ceratophyllum ceratophyllum hornwort coontail genus cercocarpus cercocarpus mountain mahogany genus certainty chaenactisi chaenactis dusty maiden genusi chaffyZ y recurved, the inner segments (petals) usually narrower than the sepals and erect to incurved; stamens 3, opposite the sepals, the filaments free, the anthers basifixed; ovary inferior, 3-chambered, style branches 3, expanded and petaloid, usually widely spreading and covering the stamens, stigmatic on the lower surface just below the 2-lobed or crested apex. Capsule subglobose to fusiform, 3- or 6-angled; seeds numerous, vertically flattened, in 1 or 2 rows in each chamber. Fleur-de-LisG IRIDACEAEK Flag / Fleur-de-LisQ$germanica pseudacorus missouriensis R5Common Iris Fleur-de-lis Water Iris Yellow Flag SisyrinchiumB Sisyrinchium (Blue-eyed Grass genus) See species description locally reticulate reticulate-pitted reticulate-veined retrorselye rhamnus rhamnus buckthorn genus rhizomatous] rhizome rhizomesV rhusF sumac genusF ribbedk ribes ribes currant gooseberry genus ribsG ricegrass ridgen ridgesC rightR rigide rimmed ringC ringed ringlike rising rising ringed ringlike rising narrowleafC narrowleaf narrowleaf collomia narrowleaf cottonwood narrowleaf goosefoot narrowleaf gromwell narrowleaf indian paintbrush narrowleaf lomatiumP narrowleaf umbrellawort narrowleaf water plantainC narrowleaf willow nebraska nebraska sedge necklace necklace needle needle spikerush needle-and-thread needle-and-thread grass needlegrass nelson's nelson's larkspur nerved pepperweed netleaf netleaf hackberry nettle nevada nevada onion mexico checkermallow sedge nightshade ninebark nineleafP nineleaf biscuitrootP nipplewort noddinge drupeF drupelets dryingZ dryopteris dryopteris shield genus ducksmeat duckweed ducts duringL dustyi dwarf^ dyer's eachA eaeagnus earlike early early-deciduous basesz basic basifixed basingk basis bassia beaded beakC beakedR beakless beaklike beaks bearded beardgrass beardtongue bearingW beckmannia becoming[ bedstraw beeplant before beggar's beggartickse behind bell-shapedV bellflower bellisd bellis daisy genusd beneath agoserisZ alaska alaska orchid alaska draba alaska orchid alcove alcove goldenrod alder alder buckthorn aleppe aleppe avens alfalfa alfileria alismaC alkalib alkali asterb alkali birdsbeak alkali bulrush alkali cordgrass alkali grass alkali mallow alkali marsh asterb alkali popcorn flower alkali sacaton alkali alkaligrass cryptanth alpine] alpine avens alpine bistort alpine bluegrass alpine buttercup alpine collomia alsike clover alyssum amaranthE american american bugleweed american dragonhead american american licorice american mannagrass bloom blueW blue-eyed blue-purple bluebells blueberry bluegrass blunt blunt-hairy bodyZ boisduvalia boisduvalia spike primrose genus bonesetr borage borago borago borage genus border bordered borneC botanistsk bothC botrychium botrychium grape genus bowden bower bowl-shaped bracken bract branch leathery leavesA mountainA mountain alder mountain bluebells mountain brome mountain cress mountain dandelionZ mountain death camas mountain draba mountain goldenrod mountain hawksbeardp mountain holly mountain hollyhock mountain pondweed mountain larch mountain lilac mountain lover mountain meadow groundsel mountain mustard mountain pepperplant mountain pepperweed mountain pussytoes] mountain rabbitbrushl mountain rock-parsleyL mountain sheepsorrel mountain snowberry muhly muhly scratchgrass mulesear muskg mustard thistleg mustard muttongrass najad naked naked water milfoil palmatelyA panicgrass panicle paniclesA paniculatea paniculatus panicum panicum panicgrass genus pilionaceous papillae papillosef pappusZ parallelG parasitic parent parsleyP parsnipH partedB partial partially| armed arnica` arnica arnica genus` aromatic^ aroundV arranged arrangement[ arrhenatherum arrhenatherum oatgrass genus arrowgrass arrowheadD arrowhead-shapedV artemisiaa artemisia sagebrush wormwood genusa ascendingR asclepiasX asclepias milkweed genusX asian asparagus aspect aspen asperifolia asperugo asperugo catchweed genus aspidotis asping asplenium asplenium spleenwort genus western tickweed western valerian western wallflower western water birch western waterleaf western wheatgrass western white wet-the-bed wheat wheatgrass wheelerG wheeler angelicaG wheeler bluegrass whiplash whiplash willow whipple's whipple's penstemon white hawkweedz white sagea white stonecrop white stoneseed white sweetclover white tickweed white-sage whitecockle whitemandarin whitemandarin twisted-stalk whitestemu whitestem blazing whitestem goldenweedu whitestem gooseberry whitetip whitetip clover whitetop whitlow widewingL widewing spring-parsleyL wildM balsam-apple barley black currant candytuft carrotM cucumber modified[ moist moisture moldavica moldavica dragonhead genus monadelphous monardella monardella horsemint genus moneses monkeyflower monkshood monoeciousE monolepis montia moore moreG morning morphological except exception exerted exfoliating existsu expandedW expanding explained explosively exserted[ extended extending extent externallyi extreme faceb facing fadingp faint faintly fallen falling] falseL 3-10| 3-12-flowered 3-14R 3-14-flowered 3-5-lobedR 3-5-nerved 3-5-parted 3-5-toothedz 3-50z 3-7-nerved 3-9-flowered 3-angledc 3-chambered 3-flowered 3-lobed 3-manyf 3-many-flowered 3-nerved 3-ranked 3.5-12 4-12A 4-20i 4-anglede annuals stems erect simple branched herbage bristly-hairy antennaria] antennaria pussytoes genus] anthemis^ anthemis chamomile dogfennel genus^ anther anthersV antrorselye anywhere apera apetalousB apexR apicalV apically siskiyoub siskiyou asterb six-weeks six-weeks fescue skeletonweed skunk skunk cabbage skunkbush skunkleaf skunkweed skypilot skyrocket skyrocket gilia sleepy sleepy catchfly slenderp slender cinquefoil slender collomia slender cranesbill slender dodder slender goldenrod slender hairgrass slender hawksbeardp slender hawkweedz slender madia slender jasmine slender rockjasmine slender spikerush slender tarweed slender wheatgrass slender woodland slenderbeak slenderbeak sedge slenderlobe slenderweed stinging nettle slimleaf slimleaf goosefoot slimleaf wallrocket slimstem slipper slope slope sedge sloughgrass othpod alyssum smoothseed smoothseed skeletonweed sterileB stickweed stiff stiffly stigmaV stigmasB stigmaticb stipa stipa needlegrass genus stipe stipitate stipitate-glandular stipular stipule-like stipulelike straightC striatee strictly stronglyG fringed stoneseed fumitory fuschia gambel gambel garden garden asparagus garden burnet garden orach garden violet gardner's gardner's saltbush garrettq garrett fleabaneq garrett'sq garrett's bladderpod garrett's daisyq gauge gauge plant gaura gentian geranium geyer geyer milkvetch geyer willow giantP giant draba golden prickly golden sedge golden smoke goldenbushu goldeneye goldenrodu goldenweedu goose goosefoot grape grassC grass alismaC grave-myrtle grayb asterb groundsel horsebrush kentrophyta molly thistlen gray's gray's pepperplant graylocks graymolly greasewood great great basin centaury latterP laurel lavenderb lavender-purple lawnd layia leafE leaf-opposed leaflet leafletsR leaflike leafy leafy-bracteate least[ older omitted one-half one-third onesB onion onion-scented onion-scented perennial herbs slender erect scapes oniongrass onionlike Cockleburs comprise just 3 species, two native to the New World, one to the Old World. The only species here is the Common Cocklebur, which is widespread as a weed - it is the one native to Europe. Cockleburs have large leaves. Flower heads are separately male or female. The bracts around the latter become hard and covered in hooked spines, creating the bur. Ray flowers are absent. P CockleburQ strumarium Common Cocklebur XanthocephalumB Willd. Xanthocephalum (Matchweed genus) See species description locally E MatchweedG ASTERACEAE spellingu spergularia spergularia sandspurry genus sphaeralcea sphaeralcea globemallow genus sphaeromeria spherical spicatea spider spike spikeiets spikelet spikelets spikelike spikemoss spikerush spikesE E GoldeneyeG ASTERACEAE The Goldeneye genus has about 150 species from the western U.S. to South America. Lower leaves are in opposite pairs while the upper ones alternate. Our 2 species are herbs, while elsewhere they may be shrubs or even trees. Ray flowers are yellow and quite showy. P GoldeneyeQ ciliata multiflora R Hairy Goldeneye Showy Goldeneye WyethiaB Nutt. Wyethia (Mulesears genus) See species description locally E MulesearsG ASTERACEAE seapurslane seaspurrey secret secret water starwort secund secund wintergreen sedge monkeyflower seepweed selfheal serrate serrate elodea serviceberry shadbush shadscale sharpleaf sharpleaf valerian shasta shasta sedge sheep sheep cinquefoil sheep fescue sheep sedge sheep sorrel sheepsorrel shepherd's shepherd's purse shinleaf shiny shiny draba shoestrings shooting shore shore arrowgrass shore buttercup shore downingia shortawn shortawn foxtail shorthorn shorthorn spurge shortstem shortstem lupine shortstem buckwheat ilver silver orach silverleaf silverleaf milkvetch silverscale silvery silvery lupine silvery sedge fringed fritillaria fritillaria fritillary genus fritillary fromG front frost reat the various sections of the genus as separate genera, but Anderson et al. (1974) propose the retention of Haplopappus in its wider interpretation, at least until the taxa from North and South America are better understood. GoldenweedG ASTERACEAE occurring occurs oceanspray oenothera oenothera evening primrose genus offset offsets limbV limosella limosella mudwort genus linanthus linanthus flaxflower genus linaria linaria toadflax genus linearC linear-cylindricW linear-oblong lined linesb liningF linum linum genus listera listera twayblade genus lithophragma lithophragma woodland genus lloydia lobedA Gnaphalium (Cudweed or Everlasting genus) White-woolly herbs (ours). Leaves alternate, entire, usually narrow, often decurrent on the stem. Heads small, entirely of disc flowers, in compact cymose clusters at the tips of stems and branches or in a few species the inflorescence spicate; involucre usually bell-shaped, the bracts obscurely to distinctly imbricate, usually chartaceous at the base and membranous above, the membranous portion white or variously colored; receptacle essential lly flat, naked; flowers yellow or whitish (ours), fertile, the outer pistillate and numerous, the inner few and bisexual; anthers tailed; style branches of the bisexual flowers flattened, truncate, lacking appendages. Achenes oblong; pappus of numerous hairlike bristles in a single series, united at the base and deciduous in a ring or (ours) falling separately. Cudweed Everlasting headlike headsZ hedysarum hedysarum sweetvetch genus height heleniumv helenium sneezeweed genusv helianthellaw helianthella little sunflower genusw helianthusx helianthus sunflower genusx heliotrope heliotropium heliotropium heliotrope genus hellebore helleborine hemispheric^ hemlockJ henceq heracleumN heracleum parsnip genusN herbaceousE herbageV capsules carawayI cardamine cardamine bittercress genus cardaria cardaria whitetop genus carduusg carduus thistle genusg carex carex sedge genus carpel carpels carpophoreG carrotM carumI carum caraway genusI caryopsis cases cassini'su castilleja castilleja indian paintbrush genus cat's catabrosa catabrosa brookgrass genus catchfly catchweed catkin catkin-like catkinlike catkins cattail conicR conicala coniumK conium poison hemlock genusK connectiveW connectives conniventV conringia conservedu considerablyi consistently consisting^ conspicuous conspicuously constitutesu constricted consumed contain contiguous continuation continuous contorted contracted control converging convex^ convolvulus convolvulus bindweed morning glory genus conyza coontail copiousp coral coral corallorhiza corallorhiza coral genus cordate corispermum corispermum bugseed genus corkyG corky-wingedG e blades usually flat, ligules membranous; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a spikelike panicle with short branches appressed to the main axis; spikelets 1-flowered, strongly laterally flattened, disarticulating below the glumes and falling entire; glumes equal or nearly so, opposite and usually fused at the base, slightly shorter than to barely exceeding the lemma, ciliate on the keels and variously hairy on the lateral nerves, glabrous or hairy between the nerves, acute to rounded at the apex; lemma firm, strongly flattened, indistinctly (3)5-nerved, obtuse at the apex, the margins usually somewhat united near the base, awned from the middle of the back or below, the awn exerted or included, straight or twisted and abruptly bent; palea lacking. Caryopsis loosely enclosed within the lemma. saxicola AgrostisB s of these perennial scapose herbs rhizomes bearing fleshy fibrous@ persistent@ petiole@ pink-tinged@ pistil@ point@ portion pouched@ progressively@ pubescent@ purplish@ urplish@ ouched@ progressively@ pubescence@ purplish@ ouched@ progressively@ pubescence@ purplish@ ouched@ progressively@ pubescence@ purplish@ ouched@ progressively@ pubescence@ purplish@ pubescence@ purplish@ fusiformX fusion galium galium bedstraw cleavers genus garden gardens garlic gaura gayophytum gayophytum groundsmoke genus genbusB generak generaliv genericu genus[ given glabrate glabrousF glabrous often somewhat fleshy annual perennial herbs glabrous perennial herbs slender rhizomes leaves evergr glabrous perennial herbs leaves opposite whorled rarely glabrous scapose usually rhizomatous herbs generally glabrous succulent halophytic herbs subshrubs stems running-myrtle rushpink rushy russet russet buffaloberry russianh russian knapweedh russian olive russian thistle russian wildrye rydbergu rydberg goldenweedu rydberg's rydberg's penstemon rydberg's sandwort rydberg's sweetpea rydberg's twinpod ryegrass sacaton sacred sacred datura sagea sagebrush sagebrush buttercup sageworta sagina sainfoin salsify pepper cedar tamarisk dodder heliotrope sandspurrey saltbush saltgrass saltmarsh saltmarsh dodder saltmarsh sandspurrey saltplant samphire dropseed sandbar sandbar willow scouler popcorn flower scouring scrub scrub scurfpea sometimesA sometines etines membranousB membranous-based membranous-margined^ mentha mentha genus mentzelia mentzelia blazing genus merelyp merged mericarps mertensia mertensia bluebells genus microseris microseris scorzonella genus microsteris mid-length middleW midlength cornus cornus dogwood genus corollaV corollasl correlated correll corydalis corydalis scrambled genus corymbose corymbsA cotton cottonwood county covered covering cowania cowania cliffrose genus cowcockle crabgrass crataegus crataegus hawthorn genus crazyweed creamu creamy creeping crenate crepisp crepis hawksbeard genusp cressa crest crestedW crinkledZ cronquist cross cross-wrinkled crosses clustersB rose-purple rosette rosette-forming rosettes rostellum rotate rough rough-barkedc roughened round roundedC rubia rubus rubus blackberry raspberry bramble genus rudbeckia rudbeckia coneflower genus rudiment rudimentary| rumex rumex sorrel genus sagebrusha sagina sagina pearlwort genus sagittariaD sagittaria arrowhead genusD salicornia samaraA white-woolly] whitecockle whitetop whitishF whitlow whole wholly whorl whorledB whorls widea widely widerj wildrye william willow willow-weed willowherb wilted wind-pollinated windflower wing-margined wingedA winglessP winglike wingsG winter wintercress wintergreen cutleaf water-parsnipH cutleaf waterparsnipH cypress daffodil daisyd dalmatian dalmatian toadflax dame's dame's violet dandelionZ datura dead-nettle deadnettle death deer-brush delight dense dense densecress dentate dentate desert desert alyssum desert groundsel desert indian paintbrush trings dewey dewey sedge diamondleaf diamondleaf saxifrage differentleaf differentleaf sphaeromeria diplotaxis dishwater dishwater grass ditch ditch beardgrass ditchbankb ditchbank asterb ditchgrass dodder dogbane dogcamomile dogcamomile mayweed dogfennel dogtooth dogtooth violet dogwood dollar dollar doublecomb doublecomb draba douglasJ smallF small medium-sized deciduous ferns short elongate smaller smartweed smelowskia smilacina smootha sneezeweedv snowberry soapwort erect-appressed} erigeronq erigeron fleabane genusq eriogonum eriogonum buckwheat genus erodium erodium storksbill filaree heron's genus erosen erose-toothed erysimum erysimum wallflower genus erythronium erythronium glacier dogtooth violet genus escapes especially essentiallyV euclidium eupatoriumr eupatorium joe-pye boneset genusr euphorbia euphorbia spurge genus europe europeank eurotia evening evergreenW everlasting\ evidently example exceed1ng exceedingj degreeX degrees dehiscence dehiscent dehiscingE delicate delphinium delphinium larkspur genus dendritic dense denselyi depressed depressed-globose deschampsia deschampsia hairgrass genus describeq Alisma (Water Plantain genus) Submerged or emergent, aquatic, perennial, scapose herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves basal with elongate, basally sheathing petioles, the emergent blades lanceolate to oblong-ovate, the floating or submerged ones often linear. Flowers bisexual, in simple or compound, bracteate panicles with the pedicels, branches, or both whorled; sepals 3, green, persistent; petals 3, white to rose; stamens 6-9; pistils free, (5) 10-25 in a ring; ovary 1-chambered with a suB bterminal style. Fruit of achenes borne on the receptacle in a single ring, each laterally compressed with 1-3 ridges on the rounded back and with a slender, short, nearly straight to distinctly recurved beak. Water PlantainG ALISMATACEAEK Water PlantainQ gramineum plantago-aquatica RLNarrowleaf Water Plantain Grass Alisma Common Water Plantain Water Plantain SagittariaB GenusNumB AuthorB DescriptionB Common NameB CommentsB FamilyB Family DescriptionB Genus ListB Species ListB Genus aboutB Link 1B Link 2B Link 3B Genus Common ListB Other CommonB Species per GenusB Polystichum (Holly Fern genus) Small to large evergreen ferns. Leaves tufted, arising from short, stout, scaly, erect to horizontal rhizomes; petioles brown at the base, yellowish to green above, shorter than the blade, conspicuously scaly at least toward the base, the scales brown and either hairlike or broad and toothed to cleft; blades coarse, 1-3 times pinnate, scaly, especially on the rachis and midveins, otherwise glabrous or occasionally glandular; pinnae subsessile, often spinB y-toothed, usually largest near midlength of the blade, progressively reduced above and to a lesser extent below. Sori round, prominent, developing on the veins; indusium peltate, attached at the center and spreading out over the sorus. Holly FernG POLYPODIACEAE DryopterisB Adans. DryopterisB Adans. y 3-angled, pale to ZannichelliaB Zannichellia (Grasswrack genus) See species description locally GrasswrackG ZANNICHELLIACEAE AcThe Grasswrack genus has 1 or 2 species in fresh or brackish water. See description of the species. 129-006M 129-013N 129-014P GrasswrackQ palustris Horned Pondweed TribulusB Tribulus (Puncturevine or Caltrop genus) See species description locally Puncturevine CaltropG ZYGOPHYLLACEAE The Puncturevine genus has about 20 species in warm regions, including the Mediterranean and Africa. We have a single representative, which should be consulted for a description. Informal name ArctiumB Arctium (Burdock genus) See species description locally BurdockG ASTERACEAE "The Burdocks are European plants, with four or five very similar species. Two have become naturalized in the U.S. They are unmistakable, with huge leaves adorning a stem up to 6 feet tall (ours) or even 10 feet tall in others. Flower heads lack ray flowers, so appear a bit thistle-like. BurdockQ minus Smaller Burdock Burdock ArnicaB BurdockG ASTERACEAE "The Burdocks are European plants, with four or five very similar species. Two have become naturalized in the U.S. They are unmistakable, with huge leaves adorning a stem up to 6 feet tall (ours) or even 10 feet tall in others. Flower heads lack ray flowers, so appear a bit thistle-like. Burdock ACEAE BrickellbushG ASTERACEAE Brickellia is named for John Brickell, an 18th century botanist. About 100 species, usually shrubs or perennial herbs, native to the warmer parts of North America. Leaves are simple, never compound. Ray flowers are lacking, so the flower heads are not very showy. The small disc flowers are whitish, greenish, yellowish, not clean colors. Bracts are in several overlapping series. We have 3 species, 2 of them shrubs of the foothills, the other a herb of foothills to upper mountains. BrickellbushQ$californica grandiflora microphylla RNCalifornia Brickellbush Tasselflower Rough Brickellbush Littleaf Brickellbush CarduusB Carduus (Thistle genus) See species description locally ThistleG ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAEP Aster starthistleh starvation starvation cactus starveling starveling strawberry starwort steer's steer's stellate stellate smilacina stemlessu stemless goldenweedu stickseed sticky sticky cinquefoil sticky crazyweed sticky currant sticky geranium sticky indian paintbrush sticky pilot stiff stiff blue-eyed grass stinging stinkgrass stinkingP stinking horsemint stinking lomatiumP stonecrop stoneseed storksbill straightbeak straightbeak buttercup strangeq strange daisyq strawberry strawberry blite strawberry clover strawberry spinach striped striped coralroot subalpineq subalpine daisyq subalpine subalpine monkeyflower sugarbowls suksdorf's suksdorf's monkeyflower sulfur 075-013M 057-011N 057-010P Popcorn FlowerQ%leptocladus scouleri tenellus mollis RBAlkali Popcorn Flower Scouler Popcorn Flower Small Popcorn Flower AlyssumB Alyssum Low annual or perennial herbs from taproots, stems simple to freely branched; herbage pubescent with branched or (ours) stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire (ours) toothed, tapered to the base, not auriculate-clasping. Flowers in simple or compound racemes; sepals 4, erect to spreading, not pouched at the base; petals 4, yellow fading to white, entire to shallowly notched at the apex; stamens 6, the filaments of the long stamens generally winged, those of the short We have 3 species, one of which is known only from a single collection made in 1908. A fourth species, presumably introduced, has recently been collected from Antelope Island. as the nutlets (ours). uebells Sagina (Pearlwort genus) See species description locally E PearlwortG CARYOPHYLLACEAE The Pearlwort genus has 25 species in the northern temperate zone, and in some tropical mountains. Plants are small, low-growing, often forming mats or tufts. Stems are rarely more than 6 inches. Flowers have 4-5 free sepals and either 4-5 white petals or none at all. We have a single native species, the Arctic Pearlwort. A second species, Birdeye Pearlwort is known as an occasional weed. P PearlwortQ saginoides Arctic Pearlwort Sagina A SaponariaB Saponaria (Soapwort genus) See species description locally ng in the ray flowers. TansyasterG ASTERACEAE There are about 35 Tansyasters in the western U.S., ranging from annual herbs to shrubs. Superficially resembling asters, they may in fact be more closely related to the Goldenweeds (Haplopappus). We have only a single species, it now being thought that previous inclusion of United Tansyaster in our area was due to a mistake. Likewise, King's Tansyaster has been reassigned to Aster kingii or Tonestus kingii. However, Hoary Tansyaster has enough variation to make up the difference. 096-020M 096-019N 123-006P Tansyaster pappus lacki Tragopogon (Goatsbeard or Salsify or Oysterplant genus) Taprooted annual, biennial, or rarely perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves chiefly cauline, alternate, grasslike, narrowly elongate, entire, parallel veined, somewhat clasping at the base. Heads solitary and terminal on stems and branches, entirely of bisexual ray flowers; involucral bracts in a single series, equal or nearly so; receptacle naked; rays yellow or purple. Achenes fusiform, terete or angled, mostly 5-nerved, the nerves with numerous, small, scalelike projections, the body gradually or abruptly tapered to a slender beak or the outermost achenes beakless; pappus a single series of long, basally united, plumose bristles, at flowering white and not evidently plumose, at maturity the long lateral hairs widely spreading and interlaced, the whole forming an ephemeral tawny globe as much as 1 dm in diameter. john's junegrass juniper kittentails knapweed knotweed knotweed smartweed labrador labrador ladder ladies ladies tresses lady's lady's slipper larch larkspur laurel lawnd daisy english daisyd layia lettuce leucelene lewisia licorice lilac little little gentian little polecat lloydia locoweed locoweed milkvetch locust plantainC poisonK poison hemlockK popcorn popcorn flower povertyweed prickly prickly puccoon purslaneB pussytoes rabbitbrush radish ragweed resinweed rockcress sagebrusha sagebrush wormwooda salsify saltbush samphire sandspurry sandwort scorzonella purslaneB seepweed seepweed inkweed skeletonweed sneezeweed hairV hairgrass hairlikeZ hairsZ hairyW halfway halogeton halophytic halvesA haplopappusu haplopappus goldenweed genusu hardened harebell hastately haveX having hawksbeardp hawkweedz hawthorn headf head-like head-shaped one-third, the margins rimmed with basally flat Wed in the tube. Nutlets generally 4, ovate to lanceolate in outline, attached to a broad low gynobase and ventrally keeled from the apex to the middle or nearly throughout, the attachment scar at the base of or slightly lateral to the keel, dorsally slightly keeled, roughened or rarely smooth; style about half as long as the nutlets (ours). Popcorn FlowerG BORAGINACEAE The Popcorn Flower genus is mostly native to the Americas, and contain about 50 species of small annual or perennial plants. They are easily overlooked, being low-growing, spreading, with thin stems and small leaves. Flowers are white and tiny. We have 3 species, one of which is known only from a single collection made in 1908. A fourth species, presumably introduced, has recently been collected from Antelope Island. E Bluebells C=dorsal wings in L. nuttallii); carpophore bifid to the base. Desert Parsley BiscuitrootG APIACEAE As the name suggests, the roots of at least some species of Lomatium are edible. Especially with this family, however, it is wise to be extremely cautious as it contains everything from Carrots to Poison Hemlock! Most of our species bloom in early spring through summer. Petals are mostly yellow, yellow-green, or purple. Our largest and commonest member is L. dissectum, found widely in the canyons and foothills. Its leaves are rather tough, and lack significant perfume. On the other hand, r less well-developed membranous to corky lateral wings, or the fruit scarcely flattened and the lateral wings obsolete; dorsal ribs threadlike, wingless or narrowly winged (sometimes with well-developed puncturevine genus about species regions radish genus species native mediterranean ragweed genus scourge people because ricegrass genus about species tempera rockcress genus large about species difficult rubia genus about species eurasia africa russian thistle genus about species worldwide sainfoin genus eurasian origin about saltbush genus contains different types sandbur genus small species mostly saxifrage genus large species scurfpea genus species widespread seepweeds about species occur worldwide saline shooting genus small species mostly smotherweed snakeweed sneezeweedv draba speedwell willow snow-on-the-mountain snowball snowball verbena snowberry snowbrush soapberry soapwort chess cinquefoil softleaf softleaf sedge softleaved softleaved sedge solomon sorrel southernO southern cat-tail southern waternymph sowthistle spatula-leaf spatula-leaf spurge spear spear orach spearleafq spearleaf fleabaneq spearleaf scorpionweed spearmint spearscale spearwort speedwell sphaeromeria spiderX spider milkweedX spike spike fescue spike redtop spike trisetum spike woodrush spikegrass spikemoss spikenard spikenard sedge spikerush spinach spineless spineless horsebrush species specific specificity speciosaX speciosusq spectacularc speedwell speedwells spelling sphaeromeria sphaeromeria small genus herbs half-shrubs which spheres spherical spike spike primroses annual herbs lower leaves opposite spikelet spikelets spikelike spikemoss spikerushes spikesa spindle-shaped spindltR spindly} spine spine-tipped spined spineless spines[ spinyg spiny-tipped spiral spleenwort Mirabilis (Four O'clock genus) See species description locally Four O'clockG NYCTAGINACEAEP Four O'clockQ linearis multiflora bigelovii R0Fringe-cup Four O'clock Narrowleaf Umbrellawort BoisduvaliaB Spach Boisduvalia (Spike Primrose genus) See species description locally Spike PrimroseG ONAGRACEAE DSpike Primroses are annual herbs, with lower leaves opposite and upper leaves alternate. More often than not they are included within the Willowherb genus Epilobium, with which they have much in common. Flowers are small, borne singly in the leaf junctions. Our only species is the rarely encountered Dense Spike Primrose. vertical, laterally compressed, short-hairy, enclosed E SpikerushG CYPERACEAE 3The Spikerushes are annual or perennial herbs, a genus of about 250 species worldwide. Unlike most of the Sedge family, they are round-stemmed. Size varies considerably, in our local species from 4 inches to 5 feet tall. Flowers are bisexual, in a single spikelet at the top of the stem. We have 6 species P SpikerushQ